GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmanýn amacý, üçüncü molar diþlerin gömülülük durumlarýný, açýsal pozisyonlarýný ve sürme seviyelerini radyografik olarak incelemektir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Çalýþmaya yaþ aralýðý 18-72 arasýnda deðiþen 553 hasta dahil edildi. Üçüncü molar diþlerin gömülülük durumu Venta ve arkadaþlarýnýn yaptýklarý çalýþmaya uygun olarak incelendi. Diþlerin açýsal pozisyonlarý Winter sýnýflamasýna göre, sürme seviyeleri ise Archer’in yapmýþ olduðu sýnýflamaya göre deðerlendirildi.
BULGULAR: 553 hastada 886’sý üst (%49,46) ve 905’i alt (%50,53) üçüncü molar diþ olmak üzere 1791 diþ incelendi. 1791 diþin 1076’sý (%60,07) sürmüþ, 462’si (%25,79) gömülü ve 253’ü (%14,12) yarý gömülüdür. Üçüncü molar diþlerde en çok gözlenen açýsal pozisyonlar sýrasýyla vertikal (%60,97), distoangular (%19,76), mezioangular (%13,23), horizontal (%5,58) ve bukkolingual pozisyondur (%0,44). Üçüncü molar diþlerde en çok görülen sürme seviyesi A seviyesi (%65,71) iken en az görülen C seviyesidir (%15,68).
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Oral ve maksillofasiyal cerrahinin temel yapýtaþlarýndan olan üçüncü molar diþlerin çekimi, çene cerrahlarýnýn en sýk yaptýðý operasyondur. Bu yüzden bu diþlerin gömülülük durumlarýnýn, pozisyonlarýnýn ve sürme seviyelerininin belirlenmesi önemlidir. Böylece üçüncü molar diþlerin tedavi planýný doðru þekilde yapmak ve bu diþlerin çekimi esnasýnda meydana gelebilecek komplikasyonlarý minimalize etmek mümkündür.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to radiologically examine the impaction status, positions, and eruption levels of the third molar teeth.
METHODS: In this study, 553 patients with an age range of 18-72 were included. Third molar teeth’s impaction status were examined according to Venta et al. Third molar teeth’s angular positions were evaluated according to Winter classification. The eruption levels of these teeth were evaluated according to the classification made by Archer.
RESULTS: 1791 teeth, 886 upper (49.46%) and 905 lower (50.53%) third molar teeth were examined in 553 patients. There were 1076 (60.07%) erupted, 253 (14.12%) half-erupted and 462 (25.79%) impacted of 1791 teeth. The most common angular positions in the third molar teeth are vertical (60.97%), distoangular (19.76%), mesioangular (13.23%), horizontal (5.58%) and buccolingual position (0.44%). The most common eruption level in the third molar teeth is A level (65.71%) while the least common is C level (15.68%).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The extraction of third molar teeth is the most common operation performed by oral and maxillofacial surgeons. That is why it is important to determine the impaction status, positions, and eruption levels of their teeth. Thus, it is possible to accurately determine the treatment planning of third molar teeth and to minimize the complications that may occur during the extraction of these teeth.

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmanýn amacý, smoothielerin nano kompozit rezinlerin mikrosertlik ve renk deðiþimi üzerine etkisini araþtýrmaktýr.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Ýki farklý tipte nano kompozit rezin kullanýlmýþtýr: nano hibrit(Charisma Topaz, Kulzer GmbH) ve supra- nanohibrit kompozit rezin(Estelite Asteria, Tokuyama Corp.) Toplam 120 adet disk þeklinde kompozit rezin örnek, teflon kalýplar (4x2 mm) kullanýlarak hazýrlanmýþtýr (N=60). Tüm örnekler, LED ýþýk cihazý kullanýlarak polimerize edilmiþ (1000 mW/cm2) ve bekletilme içeceklerine göre 4 alt gruba ayrýlmýþtýr: pembe smoothie, avokadolu smoothie, portakal suyu ve distile su. Ýçeceklerde bekletilme öncesi ve sonrasý, mikrosertlik deðerleri (n=5), Vickers sertlik cihazýyla ve renk deðerleri( n=10) ise spektrofotometre ile ölçülmüþtür. Mikrosertlik ve renk deðiþim verileri, Kruskal Wallis, Dunn, iki yönlü varyans ve Bonferroni testleri kullanýlarak deðerlendirilmiþtir (p<0.05).
BULGULAR: Tüm içecekler Estelite Asteria’nýn mikrosertlik deðerlerinde azalmaya neden olurken; sadece avokadolu smoothie Charisma Topaz’ýn mikrosertlik deðerlerinde azalmaya neden olmuþtur. Ýçecekler kýyaslandýðýnda; Charisma Topaz için; distile su, avokadolu smoothieye göre istatistiksel olarak daha fazla mikrosertlik deðiþimine neden olurken(p<0.05); Estelite Asteria için içecekler arasýnda istatistiksel olarak bir fark bulunmamýþtýr(p>0.05). Charisma Topaz için, avokadolu smoothie ve distile su, portakal suyuna kýyasla istatistiksel olarak daha fazla renk deðiþimine neden olurken (p<0.05); Estelite Asteria için avokadolu smoothie, pembe smoothie ve distile suya kýyasla istatistiksel olarak daha fazla renk deðiþimine neden olmuþtur (p<0.05). Kompozit rezinler kýyaslandýðýnda; portakal suyunda bekletme sonrasý, Estelite Asteria, Charisma Topaz’a göre istatistiksel olarak daha fazla mikrosertlik deðiþimi göstermiþtir(p<0.05). Ayrýca, distile suda bekletme sonrasý, Charisma Topaz, Estelite Asteria’ya kýyasla istatistiksel olarak daha yüksek mikrosertlik ve renk deðiþimi göstermiþtir (p<0.05).
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Smoothieler, her iki kompozit rezinde benzer mikrosertlik deðiþimine neden olmuþtur. Ayrýca, nanohibrit kompozit rezinde smoothieler arasýnda renk deðiþimi açýsýndan fark gözlenmemiþken; supra-nanohibrit kompozit rezinde avokadolu smoothie, pembe smoothieye kýyasla daha fazla renk deðiþimine neden olmuþtur.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of smoothies on the microhardness and color of nano composite resins.
METHODS: Two different nanocomposite resins were used: nanohybrid (Charisma Topaz, Kulzer GmbH) and supra-nanohybrid composite resin(Estelite Asteria, Tokuyama Corp.). Total 120 disc-shaped composite resin specimens were prepared using teflon molds (4x2 mm) (N=60). All specimens were polymerized with LED light curing unit(1000mW/cm2) and subdivided into 4 groups according to the immersion beverages: pink smoothie, avocado smoothie, orange juice and distilled water. Before and after immersion in beverages, Vickers hardness tester and spectrophotometer were used to measure the microhardness (n=5) and color (n=10) values. Microhardness and color change data were analyzed with Kruskal Wallis, Dunn, two-way variance and Bonferroni tests (p<0.05).
RESULTS: All beverages caused the reduction in microhardness values for Estelite Asteria while only avocado smoothie caused the reduction in microhardness values for Charisma Topaz. When comparing the beverages, distilled water caused statistically higher microhardness than avocado smoothie for Charisma Topaz (p<0.05); while no significant differences were found for Estelite Asteria (p>0.05). Avocado smoothie and distilled water caused statistically higher color change than orange juice for Charisma Topaz (p<0.05); while avocado smoothie caused statistically higher color change than pink smoothie and distilled water for Estelite Asteria (p<0.05). When comparing the composite resins, after immersion in orange juice, Estelite Asteria showed statistically higher microhardness change than Charisma Topaz (p<0.05). Besides, after immersion in distilled water, Charisma Topaz showed statistically higher microhardness and color change than Estelite Asteria (p<0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Smoothies caused similar microhardness changes for both composite resins. Besides, no differences in color change were observed among the smoothies for nanohybrid composite while avocado smoothie caused higher color change than pink smoothie for supra-nanohybrid composite.

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Çalýþmanýn amacý canalis sinuosus (CS) olarak bilinen maksillar anterior bölgedeki anatomik yapýnýn konik ýþýnlý bilgisayarlý tomografi (KIBT) ile incelenmesidir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: 258 bireye ait (116 erkek, 142 kadýn) KIBT görüntüleri retrospektif olarak taranmýþ, CS varlýðý incelenmiþtir. Alveolar kemik seviyesinde sonlanan en az bir kanalýn görülmesi durumunda CS var olarak kodlanmýþtýr. CS ile yaþ, cinsiyet ve bulunduðu konum arasýndaki iliþki belirlenmiþtir. Verilerin analizi için SPSS V.21 yazýlýmý (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) kullanýlmýþ olup p<0.05 seviyesinde anlamlý kabul edilmiþtir.
BULGULAR: Bireylerin yaþ ortalamasý 40±18 yýl (11-90) olarak hesaplanmýþtýr. Çalýþmada KIBT kaydý incelenen 258 bireyin %70,2’sinde (182 birey) en az bir tarafta alveolar kemik seviyesinde CS görülmüþtür. 258 hastada toplam izlenen CS sayýsý 339’dur. CS varlýðý ile yaþ ve cinsiyet arasýnda bir iliþki tespit edilememiþtir (p>0.05). CS’nin konumu en yüksek oranda (%60.9) bilateraldir (p=0.000, p<0.01).
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Anterior maksillanýn cerrahi öncesi KIBT incelemeleri, CS gibi (%70.2) anatomik varyasyonlarýn sebep olabileceði komplikasyonlarýn önlenmesinde büyük önem arz etmektedir.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to examine the anatomical variation in the anterior region, known as canalis sinuosus (CS), by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
METHODS: The CBCT images of 258 individuals (116 males, 142 females) were retrospectively scanned and the presence of CS was examined. CS is coded as present if at least one channel terminating at the alveolar bone level is seen. The relationship between CS and age, gender and location was determined. SPSS V.21 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for data analysis and p <0.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS: The mean age of the individuals was calculated as 40 ± 18 years (11-90). In 70.2% (182 individuals) of 258 individuals whose KIBT records were examined in the study, CS was observed at the level of alveolar bone on at least one side. The total number of monitored CS in 258 patients was 339. There was no relationship between the presence of CS and age and gender (p> 0.05). The position of CS is most bilateral (60.9%) (p = 0.000, p<0.01).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Preoperative CBCT examinations of the anterior maxilla are of great importance in the prevention of complications caused by anatomic variations such as CS (70.2%).

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmanýn amacý, süt diþlerine uygulanan yüzey örtücü ajanlarýn, çocuklarda kullanýlan iki farklý formdaki demir þurubunun meydana getirdiði renklenme üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesidir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Çalýþmada toplam 66 adet çürüksüz süt diþi, her bir grupta 11 adet örnek bulunacak þekilde rastgele 6 gruba ayrýldý. Fe+2 (ferröz sülfat) içeren Ferrum Haussman (Vifor International Inc., Ýsviçre) ve Fe+3 (ferrik polimaltoz) içeren FerroSanol B (UCB Pharma GmbH, Almanya) demir þurubu kullanýldý. Kontrol grubu olarak distile su tercih edildi. Her bir þurup ve kontrol grubundaki örneklerin yarýsýna yüzey örtücü ajan olarak BisCover LV (Bisco Inc., Itasca, IL, ABD) uygulandý ve diðer yarýsýna herhangi bir iþlem yapýlmadý. Her bir diþ örneði günde 3 kere 8 saat aralýklarla 2’þer dakika bulunduðu gruba göre demir þuruplarýna veya distile suya batýrýldý. Toplamda 252 daldýrma döngüsü uygulandý. Renk deðiþimleri spektrofotometre (Vita EasyShade Advance 4.0, Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein) kullanýlarak ölçüldü. Ýki yönlü varyans analizi, renk deðiþiminin deðerlendirilesinde kullanýldý.
BULGULAR: Fe+2 içeren demir þurup grubundaki diþler Fe+3 içeren demir þurubu grubundaki diþlerden daha fazla renk deðiþimi gösterdi. (p<0,001) Tüm gruplarda yüzey örtücü uygulanan diþlerde uygulanmayan diþlere göre daha fazla renk deðiþimi görüldü. (p<0,001)
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Bu invitro çalýþmada Fe+2 içeren demir þuruplarýnýn Fe+3 içeren þuruplara göre daha fazla renklenmeye neden olduðu görüldü. Yüzey örtücü ajanlar süt diþlerinde demir ilacýna baðlý oluþan renklenmeleri önlemekte etkili deðildir.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate the effect of surface sealant agents applied to primary teeth on discoloration caused by two different forms of iron syrup used in children.
METHODS: In this study, a total of 66 intact primary teeth were randomly divided into 6 groups, with 11 samples in each group. Ferrum Haussman (Vifor International Inc., Switzerland) containing Fe+2 (ferrous sulfate) and Ferro- Sanol B (UCB Pharma GmbH, Germany) containing Fe+3 (ferric polyimaltose) were used. Distilled water was chosen as a control group. BisCover LV (Bisco Inc., Itasca, IL, USA) was applied to the half of the samples as a surface sealant agent and the other half of the samples was not treated. Each tooth sample based on the group type was immersed in iron syrups or distilled water for 2 minutes at 8 hour intervals, 3 times a day. A total of 252 immersion cycles were applied. Color changes were measured by using a spectrophotometer (Vita Easy- Shade Advance 4.0, Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein). Twoway ANOVA was used to evaluate the effects of color change.
RESULTS: Samples in the Fe+2 syrup group showed more discoloration than the samples in the Fe+3 syrup group. (p <0.001) In iron syrups and control group, the samples with surface sealent exhibited more discoloration than the rest of the samples. (p <0.001)
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In this in vitro study, it was observed that iron syrups containing Fe+2 caused more discoloration than the iron syrups containing Fe+3. For primary teeth, surface sealants were inefficient on the protection against discoloration caused by iron syrups.

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Mevcut çalýþmanýn amacý iki farklý aðýz gargarasýnda bekletilen dört farklý geçici restorasyon materyallerinin renk deðiþimlerinin karþýlaþtýrýlmasýdýr.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Silikon kalýp yardýmýyla bis-akril kompozit rezin ve polimetil metakrilat (PMMA) içerikli dört geçici restorasyon materyalinden 14 mm çapýnda ve 2 mm yüksekliðinde toplam 84 örnek hazýrlandý. Hazýrlanan örnekler distile suda 1 hafta bekletildikten sonra baþlangýç renk deðerleri ölçüldü. Distile su (kontrol) ve aðýz gargaralarýna (Listerin ve Klorhex) maruz býrakýlacak þekilde 3 alt gruba ayrýldý (n=7). Günde 2 dakika kullaným ile 1 yýllýk kullanýma denk gelecek þekilde toplam 12 saat sývýlarda bekletildi ve tekrar renk ölçümleri yapýldý. Ýki ölçüm arasýndaki renk deðiþim deðerleri CIEDE2000 formülü ile hesaplandý ve iki yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ile incelendi (a=,05).
BULGULAR: Geçici materyallerin renk deðiþimleri materyal (p=,000) ve gargara (p=,004) tipinden anlamlý olarak etkilendi. Materyalden baðýmsýz olarak gargaralarýn renk deðiþimi üzerine etkisi deðerlendirildiðinde Klorhex ile distile su arasýnda anlamlý bir farklýlýk görülmezken, Listerin grubunda en yüksek renk deðiþikliði gözlendi. Sadece materyallerin etkisi deðerlendirildiðinde bis-akril kompozit rezin grubunda (Acrytemp ve Protemp 4), PMMA grubuna (Temdent ve Imident) göre daha fazla renk deðiþimi gözlemlendi (p<,05).
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Bu çalýþmada kullanýlan geçici restorasyonlarýn renk deðiþimi, materyal ve gargaralara baðlý olarak deðiþim gösterdi. En az renk deðiþimi PMMA grubundan Temdent’te görülürken, Klorhex Listerin’den daha az renk deðiþimine neden oldu. Bununla birlikte tüm gruplardaki renk deðiþimleri klinik olarak kabul edilebilir aralýktaydý.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to compare to the discoloration of four different temporary restoration materials immersed into two different oral rinses.
METHODS: 14 mm diameter, 2 mm thick, a total of 84 samples were prepared from the bis-acryl composite resin and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) based four different temporary restoration materials. After the prepared samples were stored in distilled water for one week, the initial color data was measured. The specimens were divided into three subgroups: Klorhex, Listerine, and distilled water (control) (n=7). The specimens were immersed in liquids for a total of 12 hours as be equivalent to 1 year for 2 minutes daily use. Then, the color data were measured again. The color change values between data were calculated using CIEDE2000 formula and analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (a=.05).
RESULTS: The color changes of temporary materials were significantly affected by material (p=.000) and mouthrinse (p=.004) type. Only when the effect of mouthrinses on color change was evaluated, there was no significant difference between distilled water and Klorhex. The highest color change was observed in the Listerine group. The higher color change was observed in the bis-acryl composite resin group (Acrytemp and Protemp4) compared to the PMMA group (Temdent and Imident) (p<.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The color change of the temporary restorations used in the present study differed depending on the material and mouthrinse types. The least change was observed in Temdent, while Klorhex caused less change than Listerine. However, color changes in all groups were within the clinically acceptable range.

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Arctiin maddesinin birçok dokuda enflamasyonu inhibe ettiði gösterilmiþtir ancak bu etkilerin periodontal dokularda da olup olmadýðý araþtýrýlmamýþtýr. Bu çalýþmanýn amacý arctiin maddesinin periodontal hastalýklý rat gingival dokularýnda pro-enflamatuvar sitokin seviyelerinde bir azalmaya neden olup olmadýðýný incelemektir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Çalýþma 30 adet erkek Sprague-Dawley sýçan ile yapýldý. Deneysel periodontal hastalýk, kontrol grubu (n = 10) hariç, sýçanlarýn birinci ve ikinci sol maksiller azý diþleri arasýna lipopolisakkarit (LPS) enjekte edilerek oluþturuldu. Deney gruptaki sýçanlar rastgele iki gruba ayrýldý (Grup DP: Deneysel plasebo-Dimetil sülfoksit (DMSO); Grup DA: Deneysel Arctiin, herbiri n = 10). 21 gün boyunca günde bir kez aðýzdan gavaj yapýldý. Daha sonra tüm hayvanlara ötenazi uygulandý, diþeti örnekleri alýndý ve interleukin-1ß (IL-1 ß) ve tümör nekroz faktörü- a (TNF-a) ELISA ile analiz edildi.
BULGULAR: Kontrol grubu, deney gruplarý (Grup DP ve DA) ile karþýlaþtýrýldýðýnda diþ eti dokusuna, IL-1ß ve TNF-a seviyeleri kontrol grubunda istatistiksel olarak anlamlý düzeyde az bulundu (P<0,001). DA grubu ise DP grubuna göre istatistiksel olarak daha düþük seviyelerde pro-enflamatuvar sitokin seviyeleri gösterdi (P<0,001).
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Arctiin maddesinin, LPS ile indüklenmiþ periodontitisli sýçanlarýn gingival dokularýnda proinflamatuar sitokin düzeylerini düþürdüðü gösterilmiþtir.

INTRODUCTION: Arctiin has been shown to inhibit inflammatory processes in various tissues, but its effects on periodontium have yet to be examined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether arctiin reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in gingival tissues of rats with periodontal disease.
METHODS: The study was conducted with 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Experimental periodontal disease was induced by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) between the first and second left maxillary molar teeth of rats, except control group (n=10). Experimental rats were randomly divided into two groups (Group EP: Experimental placebo-Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO); Group EA: Experimental Arctiin, n=10 each). Oral gavage carried out once per day for 21 days. All animals were then euthanized, gingival samples were obtained, and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) were analysed by ELISA.
RESULTS: Gingival tissue IL-1ß and TNF-a levels were significantly lower in the Control Group compared to both experimental groups (EP and EA) (P<0.001). EA group presented lower pro-inflammatory cytokine levels than those of non-arctiin treated placebo group (P<0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Arctiin was shown to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in gingival tissues of rats with LPS-induced periodontitis.

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmanýn amacý, 60° ve 90° eðimli kanallarda 25/.04 uç boyut ve taper açýsýna sahip K3XF, 2Shape ve VDW. ROTATE NiTi döner aletlerinin döngüsel yorgunluða baðlý kýrýlma dirençlerinin karþýlaþtýrýlmasýdýr.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Bu çalýþmada toplam 90 olmak üzere 30 adet K3XF, 30 adet 2Shape ve 30 adet VDW.ROTATE eðesi kullanýldý. Eðeler iki alt gruba ayrýldýktan sonra 60° ve 90° eðimli ve 3 mm eðim yarýçapýna sahip yapay paslanmaz çelik kanallarda döngüsel yorgunluk direnç testine tabi tutuldu. Eðelerin kýrýlma zamanlarý bir dijital kronometre yardýmýyla belirlendi. Kýrýk parçalarýn uzunluklarý ise hassas kumpas yardýmýyla ölçüldü. Veriler istatistiksel olarak Kruskal Wallis H-testi ve post hoc Tamhane T2 testi ile istatistiksel olarak incelendi (p<0.05).
BULGULAR: VDW.ROTATE grubu 60° ve 90° eðimli her iki kanalda istatistiksel olarak anlamlý þekilde yüksek döngüsel yorgunluk direncine sahipti (p<0.05). K3XF grubu her iki farklý kanalda istatistiksel olarak 2Shape TS1 grubuna göre döngüsel yorgunluða karþý daha dirençli bulundu (p<0.05). Her iki farklý kanalda eðeler arasýnda kýrýk parça uzunluklarý kýyaslandýðýnda istatistiksel açýdan fark yoktu (p>0.05).
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Döngüsel yorgunluða karþý direncin incelendiði bu çalýþmada %4 taper açýsýna sahip eðeler kullanýlmýþtýr. VDW. ROTATE eðeleri döngüsel yorgunluða karþý en yüksek kýrýlma direncine sahipti. 2Shape eðeleri döngüsel yorgunluða karþý en düþük dirençli gruptu.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to compare the fracture resistance due to cyclic fatigue of K3XF, 2Shape and VDW.ROTATE NiTi rotary instruments with 25/.04 tip size and taper in artificial stainless steel canals with 60° and 90° curvature.
METHODS: In this study, a total of 90, 30 K3XF, 30 2Shape and 30 VDW.ROTATE files were used. After the files were divided into two subgroups, they were subjected to cyclic fatigue resistance tests on artificial stainless steel channels with 60° and 90° angle of curvature and 3 mm radius of curvature. The time to fracture of the files were determined with the help of a digital stopwatch. The lengths of the fractured fragments were measured with a precision caliper. The data were analyzed statistically using Kruskal Wallis H-test and post hoc Tamhane T2 test (p <0.05).
RESULTS: The VDW.ROTATE group had statistically significant higher cyclic fatigue resistance in both canals with 60° and 90° angle of curvature (p <0.05). The K3XF group was statistically more resistant to cyclic fatigue than the 2Shape TS1 group in both canals (p <0.05). There was no statistical significant difference between the lengths of the fractured fragments between the files in both different canals (p> 0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In this study, in which resistance to cyclic fatigue was examined, files with 4% taper were used. The VDW. ROTATE files had the highest fracture resistance against cyclic fatigue. The group with the lowest resistance to cyclical fatigue was 2Shape files.

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmanýn amacý, Atatürk Üniversitesi Diþ Hekimliði Fakültesi son sýnýf öðrencilerinin, yaþlý bireylere karþý tutumunun incelenmesidir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Bu kesitsel çalýþma, Atatürk Üniversitesi Diþ Hekimliði Fakültesi’nde öðrenim gören 103 son sýnýf öðrencisi arasýnda, Erzurum, Türkiye’de yapýlmýþtýr. Yaþ Bazlý Semantik Diferansiyel (YSD) indeksinin Türkçe versiyonu hazýrlanarak bir web anket oluþturulmuþtur. Diþ hekimliði öðrencilerinin demografik özellikleri ve çocukluðunda ebeveynleri ve büyükanne ve/veya büyükbabalarý ile ayný evde kalýp kalmadýklarý, ileride yaþlý bireyleri tedavi etme konularýndaki isteklilikleri, geriatrik hastalarý tedavi etmeyi sevip sevmedikleri hakkýnda bilgi toplanmýþtýr. Çalýþma sonucunda elde edilen verilerin istatistiksel analizi, tanýmlayýcý istatistikler ve Student t test ile yapýlmýþtýr.
BULGULAR: Ortalama YSD skoru 3.9 olarak bulunmuþtur. Total YSD skoru cinsiyetler arasýnda farklýlýk göstermemiþtir (P=.192). Büyük anne ve/veya büyük babasýyla yaþayan ve yaþamayan öðrencilerin YSD skorlarý arasýnda anlamlý farklýlýk bulunmamýþtýr (P=.248). Ýleride meslek yaþamýnda yaþlý hastalarý tedavi etmek isteyen ve istemeyen öðrencilerin YSD skorlarý arasýnda ise farklýlýk bulunmuþtur (P<.001). Ayrýca, günlük pratikte yaþlý hastalara bakmayý seven öðrencilerin indeks skorlarý, sevmeyen öðrencilerden daha yüksek bulunmuþtur (P<. 001).
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Öðrencilerin yaþlý bireylere karþý tutumu genel olarak pozitif bulunmuþtur. Çocukluðunda büyük anne ve/veya büyük baba ile yaþamak, öðrencilerin tutumunu etkilememiþtir. Günlük pratiðinde ve gelecekte yaþlý bireyleri tedavi etme konusunda istekli olan öðrencilerin tutumu, istekli olmayanlardan daha pozitif bulunmuþtur.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to examine the attitudes of final- year dentistry students at university of Ataturk in Turkey toward elderly patients.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 103 senior dentistry students of Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey. A web-based questionnaire was created by using Turkish version of the Aged Semantic Differential (ASD) scale. Demographic characteristics of dentistry students and information about whether they lived in the same house with their parents and grandparents during their childhood, willingness about treating elderly in the future, they like or don’t like treating geriatric patients was also collected. The obtained data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Student’s t-test.
RESULTS: Average of the ASD score was 3.89. Total ASD scores didn’t vary between genders (P=.192). There weren’t any statistical differences between the dentistry students who had lived together with their grandparents during their childhood and those who didn’t (P=.248). However, there were difference between index scores of students who were willing to treat elderly people in their daily oral care practices in the future and weren’t (P<.001). Furthermore, index scores of students who liked treating elderly people in their daily practice were higher than students who don’t like (P<.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Students’ attitude toward elderly was generally positive and didn’t differ according to gender. Living with grandparents in their childhood didn’t affect attitudes of students. Students who were willing about treating elderly people in the daily clinical practice/future had more positive attitudes.

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Oral ve maksillofasiyal cerrahide rutin iþlemlerden biri olan dental implant uygulamalarýnda, osseointegrasyon sürecinde kemik yoðunluðu önemli olduðundan, bu çalýþmada hiperlipidemi nedeniyle statin grubu ilaç kullanan ve hiç kullanmamýþ hastalarýn basit periapikal radyografilerinde kemik yoðunluðunun incelenmesi ve klinisyenler için faydalý olabilecek bir iliþkin varlýðýnýn deðerlendirilmesi amaçlanmýþtýr.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Yaþlarý 55 ile 65 arasýnda deðiþen (59,72±3,21) 300 kadýn hastanýn 300 periapikal radyografisi deðerlendirildi. Hastalar 2 gruba ayrýldý; en az 1 yýldýr statin kullanan ilaç grubu (n: 200) ve statin kullanmayan kontrol grubu (n: 100). Hastalarýn yaþý, periapikal radyografi lokalizasyonu ve kemik yoðunluðu parametreleri, sigara içip içmediði kaydedildi. Osteoporotik ajan kullanan, metabolik kemik hastalýðý, kemoterapi veya radyoterapi öyküsü olan, erkek ve American Anesthesiologist Association (ASA) III ve üzeri olan hastalar çalýþma dýþý býrakýldý.
BULGULAR: Radyografilerin lokalizasyonuna göre sayý ve yüzdesi: Anterior mandibula (76; %25,33), anterior maksilla (77; %25,67), posterior maksilla (89; %29,67), posterior mandibula (58; %19,33) olarak izlendi. Atorvastatin (n: 148) ve Rosuvastatin (n: 52) kullanýlan statin ilaçlarý olup, kemik yoðunluðu deðerleri sýrasýyla 111,33±22,46 ve 105,62±8,8, kontrol grubunda 109,97±26,60 olarak gözlendi. Gruplar arasý ve ilaç grubu içerisinde Atorvastatin ve Rosuvastatin arasýnda istatistiksel olarak anlamlý fark izlenmedi.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Statinlerin etkileri literatürde iyi belirlenmiþ olmasýna raðmen, bu çalýþmanýn sonuçlarýna dayanarak, günlük klinik rutinde kullanýlan periapikal radyografilerde anabolik etkiler gözlenmemiþtir.

INTRODUCTION: Bone density is important in osseointegration process in dental implant surgery, which is one of the most routine procedures in oral and maxillofacial surgery. This study aimed to examine the bone density in periapical radiographs of patients who were in use and never used statin group medications for hyperlipidemia, and to evaluate the presence of a relationship that might be useful for clinicians.
METHODS: 300 periapical radiographs from 300 female patients aged between 55 and 65 (59.72±3.21) were evaluated. Patients were divided into 2 groups; medication group (n: 200) using statins for at least 1 year and control group (n: 100) not using statins. Age of the patients, periapical radiograph localization and bone density parameters, presence of smoking were recorded. Patients using osteoporotic agents, metabolic bone disease, chemoterapy or radiotherapy history and American Anesthesiologist Association (ASA) III or higher were excluded from the study.
RESULTS: According to localization of radiographs, number and percentage were as follows: Anterior mandibula (76; 25,33%), anterior maxilla (77; 25,67%), posterior maxilla (89; 29,67%), posterior mandibula (58; 19,33%). Atorvastatin (n: 148) and Rosuvastatin (n: 52) were among the statin medications used and bone density values were respectively 111,33±22,46 and 105,62±8,8, which was 109,97±26,60 in control group. There was no statistically significant difference between both Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin in medication and control group.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Effects of statins were well established in literature, based on the results of this study, the anabolic effects could not be observed in simple periapical radiographs by this measurement method, which is used in daily clinical routine.

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmanýn amacý, izole interdental papil kaybý olan bölgelerde hyaluronik asit kullanýmýnýn papil dolumu üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesidir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Bu randomize, klinik kontrollü çalýþmada, 24-44 yaþlarý arasýndaki 11 hastadaki 89 papil bölgesi (Sýnýf l ve Sýnýf ll), iki gruba ayrýlarak (Grup l: Sondalama ile enflamasyon oluþturulan grup (SEG), Grup ll: sondalama yapýlmayan grup (SG)), hyaluronik asit enjeksiyonu ile tedavi edildi. Tedavisonrasý interdental papil bölgesindeki papil dolum oraný deðerlendirildi.
BULGULAR: Papil kaybýnýn olduðu bölgelerde (siyah üçgen alanlarda) milimetre cinsinden yükseklik ve geniþlik ölçümleri yapýldý ve bu ölçümler detaylý ve standartize edilen fotoðraflar üzerinde yapýlan alan ölçümleri ile teyit edildi. Grup l (SEG): Baþlangýç periodontal tedaviyi (BPT) takiben interdental papil kaybý olan bölgelere tekrarlanan sondalama iþlemi (her papil bölgesinde 10 kez) uygulanarak deneysel enflamasyon oluþturuldu. Bunu takiben 2. günde hyaluronik asit enjeksiyonu gerçekleþtirildi. Grup ll (SG): BPT’yi takiben interdental papil kaybý olan bölgelere hyaluronik asit enjeksiyonu gerçekleþtirildi. Hastalar ilk enjeksiyon seansýndan sonraki 2. ve 4. haftalarda çaðýrýlýp hyaluronik asit uygulamasý tekrarlandý. Hastalarda hyaluronik asit enjeksiyonunun baþlangýcýndan sonraki 1. ve 3. aylarda klinik ölçümler tekrar edildi.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Çalýþmanýn sonucunda; gruplar içerisinde baþlangýç alan ölçümleri ile 120. gün alan ölçümleri arasýnda istatiksel olarak anlamlý fark elde edilmiþken (p=0.0001); iki grup arasýnda anlamlý bir fark tespit edilememiþtir (p>0,05).

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to search the effects of the use of hyaluronic acid on papillary filling in the areas with loss of isolated interdental papilla.
METHODS: On this randomized and clinically controlled study, 89 papillary regions (Class l and Class ll) in 11 patients of the 24-44 age range divided into two groups. Group I: The group in which the inflammation was created with probing (SEG), Group II: The group which was not probbed (SG) were treated by injecting hyaluronic acid. After the treatment, papillary filling rate in interdental papillae area was evaluated.
RESULTS: Height and width in millimeters in the area where there was loss of papillary (Black triangle areas) were measured and field measurements on detailed and standardized photo were confirmed. Group I (SEG): Following Phase l treatment, experimental inflammation was created by applying repeated probing process (10 times in each papillary area) in the regions that have interdental papillae loss. Follow by on day 2, hyaluronic acid injections were done. Group II (SG): Following initial treatment hyaluronic acid was injected on the regions which has interdental papillae loss. Patients were called the second and fourth weeks after the first injection and hyaluronic acid treatment was repeated. Clinical measurements at the first and third months after the injection ofhyaluronic acid were repeated on patients.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There was a statistically significant difference (p=0.0001) between the initial field measurement and 120th day field measurement in groups; no significant difference was detected between two groups (p>0.05).

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmanýn amacý, üç farklý geçici restorasyon materyalinin yüzey aþýnma davranýþlarýnýn karþýlaþtýrýlmasýdýr.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Çalýþma, üç grup (grup PM: Polimetil metakrilat; grup PE: Polietil metakrilat, grup BÝS: Bis-akril kompozit rezin) ve toplam 60 adet örnekten (n=20) oluþmaktadýr. Aþýnma testi için çiðneme simülasyon cihazý kullanýlmýþ olup, örnekler 10000,20000 ve 30000 devirlerde teste tabi tutulmuþtur (5-55°C, termal siklus). Örnek yüzeylerinde oluþan aþýnma miktarýnýn belirlenmesinde temassýz optik profilometre kullanýlmýþtýr. Verilerin istatistiksel olarak deðerlendirilmesinde Shapiro-Wilk, iki yönlü varyans analizi ve Tukey testleri ile Univariate yönteminden yararlanýlmýþtýr (p<0,05).
BULGULAR: Elde edilen verilere göre, aþýnma miktarý gruplar arasýnda anlamlý bir farklýlýk oluþturmaktadýr (p<0,001). En yüksek ortalama aþýnma deðeri PE grubunda (186,2(39,34) μm) iken, en düþük ortalama deðer BÝS grubunda (92,82(10,79) μm) elde edilmiþtir. Çiðneme devir sayýsýnýn da aþýnma miktarýna etki ettiði saptanmýþ olup (p<0,001), tüm gruplarýn ortalama faset derinlikleri 10000 devirde 112,64 (22,77) μm, 20000 devirde 149 (47,05) μm ve 30000 devirde 170,76 (48,93) μm’dir.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Çalýþmada deðerlendirilen parametrelere göre, BÝS, PM ve PE’ye göre daha fazla aþýnma direnci göstermektedir. Bu nedenle, uzun dönem geçici restorasyon kullanýmýnda BÝS materyali önerilirken, kýsa dönemli klinik gereksinimlerde PM veya PE materyalleri uygulanabilir.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to compare the surface wear behavior of three different provisional restorative materials.
METHODS: The study consists of three groups (group PM: Polymethyl methacrylate; group PE: Polyethyl methacrylate, group BIS: Bis-acryl composite resin) and a total of 60 samples (n = 20). A chewing simulator was used for the wear test and the samples were subjected of 10000, 20000 and 30000 cycles (5-55°C, thermocycling). Non-contact optical profilometer was used to determine the amount of wear on the sample surfaces. Shapiro-Wilk, two-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests and Univariate method were used in the statistical analysis of the data (p <0.05).
RESULTS: According to the data obtained, the amount of wear makes a significant difference between the groups (p <0.001). While the highest average wear value was in PE group (186.2 (39.34) μm), the lowest average value was obtained in BIS group (92.82 (10.79) μm). It was determined that the number of chewing cycles also affected the amount of wear (p <0.001), the average facet depths of all groups were 112.64 (22.77) μm at 10000 cycles, 149 (47.05) μm at 20000 cycles, and 170.76 (48.93) μm at 30000 cycles.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Regarding the parameters evaluated in the study, BIS shows more wear resistance than PM and PE. Thus, while BIS material is recommended for long-term provisional restoration use, PM or PE materials can be applied in short-term clinical needs.

Daimi birinci büyük azý (DBBA) diþleri; daimi diþlenmeye ait okluzyonun saðlanmasýnda kilit rol üstlenmekte, çiðneme fonksiyonuna önemli derecede katkýsý olmakta ve diðer diþlerin sürmesinde rehber görevi görmektedir. Bununla birlikte, DBBA diþleri çürük nedeniyle en sýk kaybedilen ve çürüðe en yatkýn olan diþlerdir. Bu diþlerin kontrolsüz çekilmesi pek çok olumsuz duruma sebep olmaktadýr. Uygun zaman ve doðru oklüzyon koþullarýnda daimi birinci büyük azý diþlerinin kontrollü çekilmesi hastanýn ortodontik tedavi ihtiyacýný minimuma indirecektir. Bu derlemede; kötü prognozlu daimi birinci büyük azý diþlerinin kontrollü çekim prosedürleri anlatýlarak, ideal oklüzyonu saðlamak için gerekli olan faktörler belirtilmiþtir.

Permanent first molars; taking on a key role in providing permanent occlusion of dentition, significantly involved in mastication and acts as a guide for the eruption of other teeth. However, permanent first molars teeth are the teeth most often lost due to caries and are most susceptible to caries. Uncontrolled extraction of these teeth causes many adverse conditions. Controlled extraction of permanent first molars in the appropriate time and correct occlusion conditions will minimize the need for orthodontic treatment of the patient. In this review, controlled extraction procedures of permanent first molar teeth with poor prognosis are explained and the factors necessary to ensure ideal occlusion are specified.

Çürüksüz diþ yüzey kayýplarý olarak tanýmlanan atrizyon, abrazyon, erozyon ve abfraksiyon lezyonlarý etiyolojileri farklý olsa da temelde diþ yapýlarýnda deðiþiklikle kendilerini gösterir ve ‘‘diþ aþýnmalarý’’ olarak nitelendirilir. Diþ aþýnmalarý klinisyenler için ciddi bir problem oluþturmaktadýr. Ancak özellikle terminolojideki farklýlýklar ve diþ sert doku kaybýnýn teþhisinde, sýnýflandýrýlmasýnda ve takibinde kullanýlabilecek çok sayýda indeksin varlýðý nedeniyle literatürdeki klinik ve epidemiyolojik çalýþmalarýn yorumlanmasý oldukça zordur. Bu derlemenin amacý, diþ aþýnmalarýný etiyolojilerine göre sýnýflandýrarak, günümüze kadar kullanýlan deðerlendirme indekslerinin evrimini analiz etmek ve bu indekslerin diþ hekimliðindeki klinik ihtiyaçlarý karþýlayýp karþýlamadýklarýný deðerlendirmektir.

Despite the different etiologies of attrition, abrasion, erosion and abfraction lesions, which are defined as caries-free tooth surface losses, they are mainly manifested by changes in tooth structures and are considered to be ‘‘tooth wear’’. Tooth wear is a serious problem for clinicians. However, clinical and epidemiological studies in the literature are very difficult to interpret, especially due to differences in terminology and the presence of a large number of indices that can be used in the diagnosis, classification and follow-up of tooth hard tissue loss. The purpose of this review is to classify the tooth wear according to their etiology, to analyze the evolution of the evaluation indices used to date, and to evaluate whether they meet clinical needs in dentistry.

Oral kavitede; sistemik hastalýklar, neoplaziler, ilaç kullanýmý veya fizyolojik kaynaklý olarak pigmente lezyonlar görülebilir. Pigmente lezyonlardan olan nevuslar, prognozlarý ve klinik özellikleri sebebiyle diþ hekimliði pratiðinde önemlidir. Nevuslar, melanositlerden köken alan, melanin içeren, sýnýrlarý belirgin, kahverengi-siyah renkli makül ve papül olarak ortaya çýkabilen iyi huylu lezyonlardýr. Mavi nevuslar %36 oranýyla oral mukozada en sýk gözlenen ikinci nevus türüdür. Oral nevuslarýn erken dönemdeki taný ve tedavisinde, oral melanomdan ayýracak kesin bir klinik bulgu olmadýðýnda cerrahi eksizyon yapýlmasý tavsiye edilir. Olgumuz 34 yaþýnda kadýn bir hasta olup, beþ yýldýr sert damaðýnda bulunan mavi renkli lezyonun deðerlendirilmesi için Eskiþehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Diþ Hekimliði Fakültesi Aðýz, Diþ ve Çene Radyolojisi Kliniði’ne baþvurmuþtur. Klinik muayeneden önce hastadan yazýlý olarak aydýnlatýlmýþ onam alýnmýþtýr. Lezyonun kesin tanýsý ve histopatolojik deðerlendirilmesi için ilgili bölgeden fýrça sitolojisi ve punch biyopsi alýnmýþtýr. Bu olgu sunumunda, oral bölgede görülen mavi nevusun taný süreci sunulacaktýr.

In the oral cavity; pigmented lesions may occur due to systemic diseases, neoplasms, drug use or physiological origin. Nevus, which are pigmented lesions, are important in dental practice due to their prognosis and clinical features. Nevus are benign lesions originating from melanocytes, containing melanin, with clear borders, which may appear as brown and black macules and papules. Blue nevus are the second most common nevus in the oral mucosa with 36%. In the early diagnosis and treatment of oral nevus, surgical excision is recommended when there is no definitive clinical finding to distinguish it from oral melanoma. Our case is a 34-year-old female patient and applied to the Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Clinic of Eskiþehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Dentistry to evaluate the blue colored lesion in her hard palate for five years. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient prior to the clinical examination. For the definitive diagnosis and histopathological evaluation of the lesion, brush cytology and punch biopsy were taken from the relevant region. In this case report, the diagnostic process of the blue nevus in the oral region will be presented.

Pediatrik hastalarda travma sonrasý kondil kýrýklarýna rastlanma sýklýðý yüksektir. 9 yaþýnda kýz hasta, bisikletten düþtükten sonra alt çene ucuna aldýðý darbe sonucu sað çenesinde geliþen aðrý þikayeti ile kliniðimize baþvurdu. Aðýz açmada kýsýtlýlýk ve aðýz kapamada sað tarafta erken temas gözlendi. Panoramik röntgende sað kondil boynunda horizontal kýrýk hattý gözlendi ve dental volumetrik tomografisinde kýrýk segmentin mediale deviasyon gösterdiði saptandý. Tedavi planlamasýnda genel anestezi altýnda kapalý redüksiyon ve intermaksiller fiksasyon (IMF) yapýlmasýna karar verildi. Hastanýn karýþýk diþlenmesi ve daimi azý diþlerindeki çürükler sebebiyle her iki çeneye arch bar ile modifiye edilmiþ akrilik splint yerleþtirilmesine karar verildi. Operasyon esnasýnda üst çeneye adapte edilen splintin kýrýlmasý ile tedavi planý deðiþtirildi. Çoðunluðu daimi diþlerden oluþan üst çeneye ligatür telleri yardýmý ile arch bar uygulandý ve elastikler ile IMF saðlandý. Ekstrakapsüler kýrýklarýn tedavisinde en iyi yaklaþýmýn çiðneme olmayan beslenme ve elastik rehberliðinde yapýlan kapalý redüksiyon olduðu belirtilmektedir. Süt diþlerine arch bar uygulamasý ile avülsiyon riski bulunsa da doðru planlama, komplikasyon oluþma ihtimalini düþürmektedir. Bu olgu sunumunda karýþýk diþlenme döneminde pediatrik hastada meydana gelen tek taraflý kondil kýrýðýna uygulanan konservatif tedavi yaklaþýmýnýn sunulmasý amaçlanmaktadýr.

The incidence of condylar fractures after trauma is high in pediatric patients. A 9-year-old female patient was admitted to our clinic with the complaint of pain in her right jaw as a result of a blow to the tip of her lower jaw after falling off the bicycle. Limitation of mouth opening and early contact on the right side during mouth closing were observed. A horizontal fracture line was observed in the right condyle neck on the panoramic x-ray and dental volumetric tomography revealed medial deviation of the fractured segment. In the treatment planning, it was decided to perform closed reduction and intermaxillary fixation (IMF) under general anesthesia. Due to the patient's mixed dentition and caries in her permanent molar teeth, it was decided to place acrylic splints modified with arch bar in both jaws. The treatment plan was changed during the operation after the fracture of the splint that was adapted to the upper jaw. An arch bar was applied to the upper jaw, mostly consisting of permanent teeth, with the help of ligature wires, and the IMF was provided with elastics. It is stated that the best approach in the treatment of extracapsular fractures is non-chewing nutrition and closed reduction with elastic guidance. Although arch bar application on deciduous teeth runs the risk of avulsion, correct planning reduces the possibility of complications. In this case report, it is aimed to present the conservative treatment approach applied to unilateral condyle fractures in a pediatric patient during mixed dentition.