GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmanýn amacý ebeveynlerin dental kaygý düzeylerinin çocuklarýn dental kaygýsý üzerine etkisinin incelenmesidir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Bu çalýþmaya Yeditepe Üniversitesi Diþ Hekimliði Fakültesi Çocuk Diþ Hekimliði Anabilim Dalý’na baþvuran ve tedavileri 5. Sýnýf öðrencileri tarafýndan Çocuk Diþ Kliniði’nde gerçekleþtirilen 6-12 yaþlarý arasýndaki 78 çocuk ve onlarýn ebeveynleri dahil edilmiþtir. Çocuklarýn kaygý düzeyleri, lokal anestezi uygulanarak dental tedavilerinin gerçekleþtirildiði ilk tedavi seansý öncesinde ve sonrasýnda Venham Picture Test (VPT) kullanýlarak, tedavi sýrasýnda ise Frankl ve SEM (Sound, Eye, Motor) skalalarý kullanýlarak deðerlendirilmiþtir. Tedavi seansýnýn sonunda her çocuktan resim çizmesi istenmiþtir. Çocuklar tarafýndan gerçekleþtirilen çizimler, Child Drawing: Hospital (CD: H) skalasý kullanýlarak çocuk diþ hekimi ve psikolog tarafýndan skorlanmýþtýr. Çocuklarýn tedavi seansýnda ebeveynlerinden sosyodemografik bilgileri içeren bir form doldurmalarý istenmiþtir. Ebeveynlerin dental kaygý düzeylerini belirlemek için beþ sorudan oluþan Modifiye Dental Anksiyete Skalasý (MDAS) kullanýlmýþtýr. Ýstatistiksel deðerlendirmede tanýmlayýcý istatistiksel metodlarýn (ortalama, standart sapma, medyan, IQR) yanýsýra VPT skalasýnýn tedavi öncesi ve sonrasý skorlarý arasýnda farklýlýðýn belirlenmesinde Wilcoxon Ýþaret testi kullanýlmýþtýr. Skalalar arasýnda iliþkinin belirlenmesinde Sperman korelasyon katsayýsý ve Kendall tau-b katsayýsý hesaplanmýþtýr.
BULGULAR: Ebeveynin kaygý düzeylerinin belirlendiði MDAS skalasýnýn skorlarý ile çocuklarýn kaygý düzeyleri arasýnda istatistiksel olarak anlamlý bir iliþki bulunamamýþtýr (p>0,05). Ebeveynlerin gelir düzeylerinin ebeveyn ve çocuklarýn dental kaygý düzeyleri üzerine etkileri deðerlendirildiðinde ailelerin gelir düzeyleri ile MDAS skorlarý arasýnda istatistiksel olarak anlamlý bir fark belirlenmemiþtir (p=0,815). Bununla beraber gelir düzeylerindeki farklýlýklarýn çocuklarýn dental kaygýlarýný etkilemediði ve aralarýnda istatistiksel olarak anlamlý bir bulunmadýðý görüldü (p>0,05). Annelerin eðitim düzeyleri ile ebeveyn MDAS deðerleri ve çocuklarýn kaygý skorlarý arasýnda istatistiksel olarak anlamlý farklýlýk gözlenmedi.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Ebeveynlerin diþ hekimi kaygýlarýnýn çocuklar dental kaygýlarý üzerinde etkili olmadýðý görüldü. Ancak, daha fazla sayýda kiþinin dahil edildiði cinsiyet ve yaþ gruplarý arasýndaki farklýlýklarýn deðerlendirileceði ileri çalýþmalara ihtiyaç vardýr.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of parental anxiety on the dental anxiety of the children.
METHODS: Seventy-eight children, aged 6–12 years, and their mothers participated in this study. At the end of the first treatment session the child was instructed to draw a picture of a person in a dental clinic. Children’s drawings were scored by a pediatric dentist and a psychologist using Child Drawing: Hospital (CD: H ) scale and Human Drawing Test. The findings were compared with Venham My Picture Test (VPT), SEM and Frankl scores. Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), was used to evaluate dental anxiety among the mothers. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods (mean, standard deviation), Kruskal-Wallis, Mann Whitney U and Wilcoxon test were used for comparisons between groups. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used for correlations between variables.
RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was observed between the parental MDAS scores and the Frankl, SEM, VPT CHD and HDF scores (p>0,05). And also, the differences of economic status between parents did not influence the dental anxiety levels of children and the differences were not statistically significant (p>0,05). There were no statistically differences between the maternal education levels and parental MDAS scores and the all scores of dental anxiety of children.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was observed that the children's dental anxiety was not influenced by of parental dental anxiety. On the other hand, this study should be improved by evaluating the differences from gender and age groups and with lots of children and parents to be able to participate in the further study.

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: In-Ovation (self-ligating) ve Synergy (low friction) braketlerin mandibula ön bölge çapraþýklýðýn tedavi edilmesinde birbirlerine göre etkinliklerinin ve üstünlüklerinin, hastanýn tedavi sürecinde hissettiði aðrýnýn, diþsel geniþlikler üzerine etkilerinin ve ark teli deðiþimi sýrasýnda geçen sürenin karþýlaþtýrýlarak deðerlendirilmesidir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Çalýþma, Ordu Üniversitesi Diþ Hekimliði Fakültesi Ortodonti Anabilim Dalý’na baþvurmuþ mandibula anterior çapraþýklýðý olan 32 hasta üzerinde yapýlmýþtýr. Hastalar rastgele 2 gruba ayrýlmýþtýr. Birinci gruptaki 16 hastanýn (yaþ ort. 16±1,41 yýl) tedavisi In-ovation, diðer gruptaki 16 hastanýn (yaþ ort. 15,45±2,02 yýl) tedavisi ise Synergy braketlerle yapýlmýþtýr. Tedavi baþýnda ve tedavi baþladýktan 16 hafta sonra bütün hastalardan alt çene dental alçý modeller elde edilmiþ ve modeller üzerinde interkanin, interpremolar, intermolar geniþlikler, kanin, premolar, molar derinlikler ölçülmüþ ve hayes-nance analizi yapýlmýþtýr. Hastalarýn seviyeleme sýrasýndaki hissettikleri aðrý Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) yardýmý ile ölçülmüþtür. Hasta baþýnda geçen süreyi deðerlendirmek için tel deðiþtirme süreleri karþýlaþtýrýlmýþtýr. Gruplar arasý karþýlaþtýrmada baðýmsýz t testi, grup içi tekrarlý karþýlaþtýrmalarda ise Friedman testi kullanýlmýþtýr.
BULGULAR: Her 2 braket interkanin, interpremolar, intermolar geniþlik ve kanin, premolar, molar derinlik ölçümleri, hayes-nance analizi, VAS deðerleri karþýlaþtýrýldýðýnda gruplar arasýnda bir farklýlýk bulunamamýþtýr. Synergy grupta ark teli deðiþimi sýrasýnda geçen sürenin Ýnovation ile tedavi edilen gruba göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlý þekilde daha fazla olduðu bulunmuþtur.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Her iki braket sisteminin çapraþýklýðý çözme, dental geniþlik ve derinlik ölçümlerindeki deðiþimler ve hastanýn tedavi sürecinde hissettiði aðrý açýsýndan birbirlerine üstünlükleri bulunamamýþtýr. Bütün bu bilgiler ýþýðýnda, low friction (Synergy) braketlerin, self ligating (In-ovation) braketlere alternatif tedavi seçeneði olarak kullanýlabileceði söylenebilir

INTRODUCTION: In-ovation (self-ligating) and synergy (low friction) brackets are compared with each other’s effectiveness and advantages, the pain experienced during the treatment process by the patient, the effects on dental widths, the duration of the arch wire change in the treatment of mandibular anterior crowding.
METHODS: This study was performed on 32 patients with mandibular anterior crowding who were referred to the Orthodontics Department of Ordu University Dental Faculty. Patients randomly were divided into 2 groups. 16 patients were treated with In-ovation brackets (mean age 16±1.41 years) and 16 patients were treated with Synergy brackets (mean age 15.45±2.02 years). At the beginning of the treatment and 16 weeks after the treatment was started, dental cast models of the lower jaw were obtained from all patients and intercanine, interpremolar, intermolar widths, canine, premolars, molar depths were measured and hayes-nance analysis was made on the models. The pain experienced during the leveling was measured with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) by the patients. The duration of the arch wire change was compared for the evaluation of the chair time. Independent t test was used in the comparison between the groups, and Friedman test was used in the intra-group repeated comparison.
RESULTS: No difference was found between the groups when intercanine, interpremolar, intermolar width and canine, premolar, molar depth measurements, hayes-nance analysis, VAS values were compared. The duration of the arch wire change was found statistically significantly more in Synergy group than In-ovation group.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There was no statistically difference in amount of resolution crowding, changes in dental width and depth measurements, and pain experience by the patient during the treatment process between the two brackets systems.

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmanýn amacý, lateral sefalometrik radyografi görüntülerinde izlenen artefaktlarýn görülme sýklýðýný ve daðýlýmýný deðerlendirmektir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Çalýþmaya 504 adet lateral sefalometrik radyografi görüntüsü dahil edildi. Görüntüler öncelikle artefakt mevcut olup olmamasýna göre incelendi. Ýzlenen artefaktlar altý grupta sýnýflandýrýldý: (1) hastanýn aðzý açýk olmasý nedeniyle izlenen artefakt, (2) dudaklarýn sýkýca kapalý olmasý nedeniyle izlenen artefakt, (3) hareket artefaktý, (4) yabancý cisim artefaktý, (5) transvers eksendeki ve (6), antero-posterior eksendeki rotasyona baðlý artefakt. Belirlenen artefaktlarýn daðýlýmý tanýmlayýcý istatistik ile hesaplandý.
BULGULAR: Ýncelenen tüm lateral sefalometrik radyografi görüntülerinde %31,3 (n=158) oranýnda artefakt belirlendi. En fazla transvers eksendeki rotasyona baðlý artefakt izlenirken (%64,5), en az oranda ise hareket artefaktý (%1,9) belirlendi.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Çalýþmanýn sonuçlarý lateral sefalometrik görüntülerindeki artefakt oranýnýn görece olarak yüksek olduðunu gösterdi. En fazla transvers eksendeki rotasyona baðlý artefaktlar izlendi.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of artefacts on lateral cephalometric radiography images.
METHODS: This study included 504 lateral cephalometric radiography images. The images were firstly examined whether artefacts were present or not. The observed artefacts were classified in six groups: (1) artefact observed due to the patient's mouth being open, (2) artefact due to tight lips (3) motion artefact (4) foreign body artefact, (5) artefact due to rotation in transvers plane (6), artefact due to rotation in antero-posterior plane. The distribution of the determined artefacts was calculated by descriptive statistics.
RESULTS: The artefact rate was determined as 31.3% (n = 158). The most frequent artefacts were artefact due to rotation in transvers plane (64.5%), the least frequent artefacts were motion artefact (1.9%).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that the artefact ratio was relatively high on lateral cephalometric images. The most frequent artefacts were the ones due to rotation in transvers plane

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmanýn amacý dört farklý geleneksel Türk içeceðinde bekletilen geçici restorasyon materyallerinin renk deðiþimlerinin karþýlaþtýrýlmasýdýr.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Dört farklý laminate geçici restorasyon materyalinden (Protemp, Systemp, Integra, Temdent), 13 mm çapýnda, 2 mm kalýnlýðýnda 40’ar adet örnek hazýrlandý. Örnekler dört farklý içeceðin içine konulmak üzere ayrýldý (distile su, þalgam, demirhindi þerbeti, Türk kahvesi). Örnekler bu içeceklerin içerisinde 1 hafta ve 4 hafta süreyle bekletildi. Örneklerin içeceklere konulmadan önceki ve sonraki L*, a* ve b* deðerleri spektrofotometre kullanýlarak kaydedildi ve ΔE deðerleri hesaplandý. Materyal çeþidinin renk deðiþimi üzerindeki etkisinin tespit edilmesi için tek yönlü varyans analizi ve içecekler arasý renk deðiþimi analizinde ise t-testi ve Mann Whitney U testi uygulandý.
BULGULAR: Farklý içeceklerde bekletilen örneklerden elde edilen ΔE* deðerleri arasýnda istatistiksel olarak anlamlýlýk saptandý (p<0,05). Deðerlendirme sonucuna göre birinci ve dördüncü hafta deðerlerine bakýlarak istatistiksel olarak anlamlý bir farklýlýk tespit edilmedi (p>0,05). Sadece içeceklerin renk deðiþimi üzerinde etkisi deðerlendirildiðinde en yüksek renk deðiþimi demirhindi þerbeti solüsyonunda bekletilen örneklerde gözlendi. Materyaller arasý deðerlendirmede en fazla renk deðiþimi bis-akril kompozit rezin içerikli Systemp’te gözlendi.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Laminate geçici restorasyonlarýn renk deðiþimi, kullanýlan materyalin çeþidine ve içeceðin tipine göre deðiþmektedir. Ýçecekler deðerlendirildiðinde en fazla renk deðiþimi demirhindi þerbeti ve daha sonra da þalgam suyunda, materyaller deðerlendirildiðinde en fazla renk deðiþimi Systemp’te meydana gelmiþtir.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to compare the color stability of temporary restoration materials immersed in four different traditional Turkish beverages.
METHODS: 13 mm diameter, 2 mm thick, 40 samples were prepared from four different laminate temporary restorative materials (Protemp, Systemp, Integra, Temdent) The samples were divided for put into four different beverages (distilled water, turnip juice, tamarind juice, Turkish coffee). Samples were waited to these beverages for 1 and 4 weeks. The L*, a* and b * values were calculated with spectrophotometer before and after the put into drinks and the ΔE values were calculated. One way analysis of variance was used to determine the effect of material type on color change and t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for color change analysis between beverages.
RESULTS: Statistically significant difference was noticed between the values of ΔE * obtained from the samples immersed in different beverages (p <0.05). According to evaluation result there were no statistically significant differences were observed between first and fourth weeks. Only when the effect of drinks on the color change was evaluated, the highest color change was observed which in the samples immersed in the tamarind slurry solution. Among the materials evaluated, the most color-change was observed on bis-acryl composite resin based material Systemp.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The color stability of laminate temporary restorations varies according to the type of food drink. When the drinks were evaluated, the most color change was found in the turnip and then tamarind juice and the most color change occured in Systemp when the materials were evaluated.

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: ProRoot MTA ve MTA Angelus'un mekanik ve elle karýþtýrma teknikleriyle karýþtýrýlýp, indirekt ultrasonik aktivasyon ile yerleþtirilmesinin materyalin pH deðerleri üzerindeki etkisini in vitro olarak incelemektir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Beyaz ProRoot MTA ve beyaz MTA-Angelus kullanýlmýþtýr. Bir gramlýk toza 0,34 g distile su eklenmiþ ve sekiz grup hazýrlanmýþtýr. Gruplarýn yarýsý, kapsüllere yerleþtirilerek 4500 rpm hýzda 30 sn boyunca karýþtýrýlmýþ, diðer yarýsý ise elle karýþtýrýlmýþtýr. Hazýrlanan bu karýþýmlarýn yarýsýna indirekt ultrasonik aktivasyon uygulanmýþtýr. Numunelerin pH deðerleri karýþým hazýrlandýktan hemen sonra ölçülmüþ ve deðerler one-way ANOVA ile 0,05 anlamlýlýk düzeyinde deðerlendirilmiþtir.
BULGULAR: Test edilen materyaller bazýnda, karýþtýrma ve yerleþtirme tekniklerinin arasýnda herhangi bir anlamlý fark bulunamamýþtýr. En yüksek pH deðeri elle karýþtýrýlýp ultrasonik aktivasyon uygulanan ProRoot grubunda (11,64), en düþük pH deðeri ise elle karýþtýrýlýp ultrasonik aktivasyon uygulanmayan MTA Angelus grubunda kaydedilmiþtir (10,42).
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Mekanik karýþtýrma ve ultrasonik aktivasyon, materyalin pH deðeri üzerinde herhangi bir olumsuz etki göstermemiþtir. Karýþtýrma ve yerleþtirme teknikleri materyalin pH deðerleri üzerinde herhangi bir etkiye sebep olmamýþtýr. Kapsüller içerisindeki simanlarýn mekanik olarak karýþtýrýlmasýnýn daha tutarlý kývamda karýþýmlar hazýrladýðý göz önünde bulundurulursa, bu tekniði ultrasonik aktivasyonla birlikte uygulamak hem klinik hem de laboratuvar koþullarý altýnda standardizasyonun saðlanmasý açýsýndan bir alternatif olarak düþünülmelidir. Anahtar

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to measure in a laboratory setting the pH of tooth coloured ProRoot MTA and MTA Angelus following various mixing and placement techniques, including mechanical mixing, manual mixing and indirect ultrasonic activation.
METHODS: Tooth coloured ProRoot MTA and White MTA Angelus were used. One gram of each powder was mixed with a 0.34 g of distilled water that were allocated to eight experimental groups, each containing three specimens. Four groups were prepared by mechanical mixing of capsules for 30 s at 4500 rpm the other four were mixed manually. Half of the specimens in each group were placed in moulds using indirect ultrasonic activation. pH values were recorded directly from within the freshly mixed material and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA at a 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: No significant difference in pH was found between the mixing and placement techniques or the materials tested. The highest pH value recorded was in the ProRoot group that was mixed manually and placed ultrasonically (11.64). The Angelus group, which was mixed manually without an ultrasonic agitation, had the lowest pH values (10.42).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Mechanical mixing and ultrasonication conferred no significant disadvantage in terms of the initial pH of the material. Since mechanical agitation of encapsulated cements provides more consistent mixes, it might be possible to use this technique combined with ultrasonic agitation as an alternative to manual mixing, both in clinical and in laboratory conditions, in order to achieve standardization of the material so as to enhance its properties.

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Literatürde çay bitkisinin içeriðindeki flavanoller ve kateþinlerin diþ çürüðü, diþ eti iltihabý, periodontitis, aðýz kokusu ve aðýz malignitesi gibi aðýz hastalýklarýndan koruma veya gerilemeye yardýmcý olduðunu bildiren çalýþmalar mevcuttur. Bu çalýþmanýn amacý Türkiye’de çay üretiminin en fazla olduðu Rize ilindeki çay tüketim sýklýðýný ve yetiþkinlerde çay içme alýþkanlýðýnýn aðýz saðlýðý üzerindeki etkilerini araþtýrmaktýr.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Çalýþmaya 18-62 yaþ aralýðýndaki bireyler katýldý. Plak indeksi; Silness ve Löe’nün kullandýðý kriterlere göre hesaplandý. Çürük risk faktörlerinin etkisini deðerlendirmek için her hastaya, genel saðlýk, aðýz bakým alýþkanlýðý, diþ hekimine gitme sýklýðý ve diyet ile ilgili sorularý içeren anket uygulandý. Klinik ve radyolojik muayenede çürük (D), çürük nedeniyle çekilmiþ (M) ve dolgulu (F) diþlerin sayýsý toplanarak her bireye özgü DMFT deðerleri elde edildi. Ýstatistiksel anlamlýlýk deðeri p <0,05 olarak belirlendi.
BULGULAR: Çalýþmaya katýlan 220 bireyden yaklaþýk %32’si genç eriþkin (15-24 yaþ), %52’si orta yaþ eriþkin (25-44 yaþ), %16’sý ise ileri yaþ eriþkin (45-64 yaþ) grubunda yer aldý. Bireylerin %69.1’inin (n=152) kadýn, %30,9’unun (n=68) erkeklerden oluþtuðu saptandý. Hiç çay içmeyen grupta, vücut kitle endeksinin istatistiksel olarak anlamlý düzeyde daha yüksek olduðu saptandý. Kahve içme alýþkanlýðý az olan bireylerin siyah çay tüketim sýklýðýnýn istatistiksel olarak az olduðu belirlendi. Siyah çay tüketiminin, vücut kitle indeksi ve sigara ile anlamlý derecede pozitif iliþki, plak indeksi ve DMFT ile anlamlý derecede negatif iliþki gösterdiði saptandý.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Yaptýðýmýz çalýþmada siyah çay tüketiminin geçmiþ çürük deneyimi, plak indeksi, vücut kitle indeksi ve sigara ile iliþkisi saptanmýþ, siyah çayýn içeriðindeki antioksidan ve antibakteriyel bileþikleri sayesinde aðýz-diþ saðlýðýna koruyucu etkisi olabileceði vurgulanmýþtýr.

INTRODUCTION: There are reports in the literature that flavanols and catechins in the tea plant help prevent oral diseases such as dental caries, gingival inflammation, periodontitis, halitosis and mouth malignancy. The aim of this study is to examine tea frequency of Rize that is highest tea production in Turkey and effects of tea consumption on the oral health in adults.
METHODS: Individuals aged 18-62 years participated in the study. The plaque index was evaluated using Silness and Löe’s scale.A questionnaire including systemic health, oral health habits, dental visit and diet was administered to assess the effect of caries risk factors. On clinical and radiological examination, the number of caries(D), missing(M), and filled(F) teeth were collected and individual DMFT values were obtained. Statistically significant difference was defined as a p value of <0.05.
RESULTS: Approximately 32% of the 220 individuals participating in the study were young adults (15-24 years), 52% middle age adults (25-44 years), and 16% older adults (45-64 years. Individuals of 69.1% (n = 152) were females and 30.9% (n = 68) were males. Body mass index was found to be statistically significantly higher in the group with no drinking tea. The incidence of black tea consumption was found to be statistically low among individuals who had low frequency of drinking coffee. Black tea consumption showed a positive relationship with body mass index,and smoking and, a hegative relationship with plaque index and DMFT.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In our study, it was emphasized that black tea consumption was related to past caries experience, plaque index, body mass index and smoking, and it could be a protective effect on oral and dental health by antioxidant and antibacterial compounds in black tea content.

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Zirkonya restorasyonlarda görülen baþarýsýzlýklar genellikle tabakalama seramiðinde atma þeklinde meydana gelse de altyapý materyalinde de geri dönüþümsüz kýrýlmalar meydana gelebilmektedir. Tekrarlanan fýrýnlama iþlemlerinin, zirkonyanýn kimyasal yapýsýný oluþturan temel elementlerde ve mekanik özelliklerinde nasýl bir etki meydana getirdiði tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Bu çalýþmanýn amacý tekrarlanan fýrýnlamalarýn zirkonya altyapýlarýnda meydana gelen elementsel deðiþiklikler ve mekanik özellikler üzerine etkisinin deðerlendirilmesidir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Altmýþ adet, 1 mm kalýnlýðýnda ve 10 mm çapýnda zirkonya tam seramik örnek pre-sinterize blok kullanýlarak CAD/CAM sistemi ile üretildi. Tekrarlanan fýrýnlama prosedürü gruplara göre örneklere 900°C’de ilave fýrýnlamalar uygulanarak tamamlandý. Zirkonya yapýsýnda meydana gelen elementsel deðiþiklikler XRF spektrometre cihazý kullanýlarak tespit edildi. Zirkonya örneklerde meydana gelen bükülme dayanýmý deðiþiklikleri biaksiyal bükülme dayanýmý testi ile tespit edildi.
BULGULAR: Materyal yapýsýnda zirkonyum elementinde meydana gelen deðiþikliklerin istatistiksel olarak anlamlý olmadýðý, itrium elementinde meydana gelen deðiþikliklerin ise anlamlý olduðu tespit edildi (p˂0,05). Gruplar arasýnda ortalama bükülme dayanýmý deðerleri arasýndaki farkýn anlamlý olmadýðý tespit edildi.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Tekrarlanan fýrýnlama iþlemleri materyal yapýsýndaki itrium elementi oranýný anlamlý þekilde deðiþtirmiþtir, fakat bu deðiþimin materyalin biaksiyel bükülme dayanýmý üzerinde anlamlý bir etkisi olmadýðý tespit edilmiþtir.

INTRODUCTION: Failure of zirconia restorations usually occurs in veneering ceramics as chipping, but catastrophic failures can also occur in the zirconia substructure. The effect of the repeated firings on the mechanical properties and chemical structure of zirconia is uncertain. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of repeated firings on the mechanical properties and elemental changes of zirconia substructure.
METHODS: Sixty samples, 1 mm thickness and 10 mm in diameter, were produced with the CAD/CAM system using the pre-sintered zirconia blocks. Repeated firing procedure were completed by applying additional firings at 900 °C according to the groups. Elemental changes in the zirconia structure were determined using XRF analysis. The changes in the flexural strength of the zirconia samples were determined by the biaxial flexural strength test.
RESULTS: Changes in the zirconia element in the material structure were not statistically significant, while those in the itrium element were found to be significant(p˂0.05). It was found that the differences between the mean flexural strength values of the groups were not significant.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Repeated firings significantly altered the ratio of the itrium element in zirconia materials, but it has been found that these changes didn't have significant effect on the flexural strength of zirconia.

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmanýn amacý lazer ile implant boyun yüzeyi pürüzlendirme iþleminin marjinal alveol kemiði kaybýna etkisini deðerlendirmektir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Bu retrospektif çalýþmada, toplam 171 standart yüzeyli (TRX, RBT) ve laserle pürüzlendirilmiþ (TLX, LASER-Lok) implant uygulanmýþ 87 hastadan alýnan postop 1. gün, 3. ay ve 3. yýl panaromik radyografiler incelenerek marjinal alveol kemiði kaybý ile ilgili deðerlendirmeler yapýldý. Ýmplantlarýn mesial ve distal yüzeylerinden bir bilgisayar yazýlýmý kullanýlarak yapýlan ölçümlerin ortalama deðerli istatistiksel olarak deðerlendirildi.
BULGULAR: Yapýlan istatistiksel analizler sonucunda TRX (kontrol grubu) ile TLX (deney grubu) arasýnda istatistiksel olarak anlamlý bir fark bulunamadý.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Lazerle implant boyun yüzeyini pürüzlendirme yöntemi marjinal alveolar kemik rezorbsiyonunu önlemek için kullanýlan bir yöntemdir. Literatürde bu yöntemin etkinliði ile ilgili olumlu çalýþmalar bulunmasýna raðmen bu çalýþmada yöntemin etkinliðiyle ilgili anlamlý bir veri elde edilememiþtir. Bu nedenle yöntemin etkinliðinin daha ayrýntýlý ve daha uzun süreli takip çalýþmalarý ile deðerlendirilmesi gereklidir.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of laser microfriction on the alveolar resorbtion.
METHODS: In this retrospective study, standart surfaced (TRX, RBT) and laser microfrictioned (TLX, Laser-Lok) 171 dental implants of 87 patients were evaluated due to alveolar bone resorbtion by using opstoperative 1. day, 3. month and 3.year panaromic xrays. Measurements performed by using a computer software at the mesial and distal sides of dental dimplants were analysed statistically.
RESULTS: It was revealed that there is no statistically meaningful difference between the TRX and TLX groups due to alveolar bone resorbtion.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Laser microfriction technique is used to reduce alveolar bone resorbtion. Although, there are some studies in the literature which are asserting that laser microfriction method is a useful technique to reduce alveolar bone resorbtion, in this study it was cleared that there is no statistical difference between laser microfrictioned and standart surfaces. As a result, longer clinical follows and more subjects are required to evaluate the effectiveness of laser microfrictioning technique.

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Oroantral fistüllerin tedavisi için pek çok yöntem tanýmlanmýþtýr. Basit mukozal flepler, bukkal flepler ya da pediküllü palatinal flepler gibi geleneksel yöntemlerin yaný sýra çeþitli yeni yöntemler de tanýmlanmaktadýr. Bu yöntemlerden biri de auriküler kýkýrdak ile oroantral fistül kapatma yöntemidir. Çalýþmanýn amacý auriküler kýkýrdak yönteminin oroantral fistüllerin tedavisindeki etkinliðini deðerlendirmektir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Bu retrospektif çalýþmada, oroantral fistül nedeniyle opere edilmiþ 19 hasta retrospektif olarak analiz edilerek rotasyonel palatinal ada flebinin auriküler kýkýrdak yöntemi ile kombine kullanýmýnýn tedavi baþarýsýna etkisi deðerlendirilmiþtir.
BULGULAR: Oroantral fistüllerin rotasyonal palatinal ada flebi ile auriküler kýkýrdaðýn kombine kullanýmýyla tedavi edilen hastalarda tatmin edici sonuçlar elde edilmiþ, postoperatif komplikasyonlarla karþýlaþýlmamýþtýr.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Bu deðerlendirmeler sonucunda, auriküler kýkýrdak yönteminin oroantral fistül kapatma iþlemlerinde etkili bir biçimde kullanýlabileceði sonucuna varýlmýþtýr.

INTRODUCTION: Various surgical techniques have been described for the closure of oroantral fistulas. Beside any conventional techniques, such as; simple vestibular mucosal flaps, rotational pedicled palatinal flaps or buccal flaps etc., some new methods and approaches were described. One of the newly described methods is the closure of oroantral fistulas using auricular cartilage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of auricular cartilage usage for the treatment of oroantral fistulas.
METHODS: In this retrospective study, 19 patients treated with oroantral fistulas were analysed retrospectively to evaluate the effect of auricular cartilage method used in combination with rotational palatinal island flap for the success of the treatment.
RESULTS: Successful treatment results were obtained from the patients who were treated by using auricular cartilage in combination with rotational island flap. In addition, no postoperative complications were encountered.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was concluded that, rotational palatinal island flaps in combination with auricular cartilage technique was found as a useful method to treat oroantral fistulas.

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmanýn amacý human fibroblast hüre hattý üzerinde NaOCl, propolis ve kitosan solüsyonlarýnýn uygulanmasýnýn ardýndan IL-1, Tnf-a ve VEGF salýnýmýný araþtýrmaktýr.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Bu çalýþma, insan fibroblast hücre hattý üzerinde farklý irrigasyon solüsyonlarýnýn doðrudan uygulanmasýnýn ardýndan oluþan etkinin deðerlendirilmesiyle gerçekleþtirilmiþtir. Ýrrigasyon solüsyonlarýnýn uygulanmasýnýn ardýndan fibroblast hücresi üzerindeki pro-inflamatuar interlökin (IL), tümör nekrozis faktörünün (TNF) α ve vasküler endotelyal büyüme faktörünün (VEGF) salýnýmý analiz edildi. Hücreler üzerindeki NaOCI, Propolis ve Kitosan etkilerinin log konsantrasyonlarý kolorimetrik yöntemle ölçüldü.
BULGULAR: Doðal materyaller grubunda bulunan propolis ve kitosan solüsyonlarýnýn uygulamasý ile IL-1 ve TNF-α sekresyonu azaldý(p. Propolisin VEGF sekresyonunu diðer solüsyonlardan daha fazla artýrdýðý bulundu(p<0.05).
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Bu çalýþmanýn sonuçlarý, propolis ve kitosanýn, inflamatuvar süreç sýrasýnda salgýlanan antiinflamatuar sitokinler aracýlýðýyla periapikal dokularýn iyileþmesine katkýda bulunabileceðini düþündürmektedir. Endodontik tedavi sýrasýnda çevredeki dokulara doðrudan veya dolaylý olarak temas eden maddelerin biyolojik etkilerini araþtýrmak önemlidir.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to investigate the release of IL-1, TNF- α and VEGF following administration of NaOCl, propolis and chitosan solutions on human gingival fibroblasts.
METHODS: This study was conducted on human fibroblast by cell culture and evaluation of the direct effect of various solutions on the cultured cells. The release of pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on fibroblast was analyzed after administration of irrigation solutions. Log concentrations of NaOCl, Propolis and Chitosan effects on cells were measured by colorimetric method.
RESULTS: IL-1 and TNF-α secretion levels decreased during propolis and chitosan applications, which are natural products. It was also found that the propolis increased VEGF secretion more than the other materials.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that propolis and chitosan may contribute to the recovery of periapical tissues via anti-inflammatory cytokines level secreted during the inflammatory process. It is important to search for the biological effect of the materials in contact with the direct or indirect cause of the surrounding tissues during the endodontic treatment.

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Tek kon guta-perkanýn kanal preparasyonu ile iyi uyum göstermesi, kök kanal dolgusunun týkama etkinliði açýsýndan büyük önem taþýmaktadýr. Bu çalýþmanýn amacý, WaveOne (WO) ve WaveOne Gold (WOG) ile þekillendirilen ve bu sistemlere özel üretilmiþ guta-perka (GP) kullanýlarak doldurulan kanallardaki guta-perka (GP) oranlarýnýn belirlenmesidir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Otuz adet çekilmiþ tek köklü insan diþi kullanýldý. Diþ kronlarý elmas frezlerle uzaklaþtýrýldý ve kök kanal boylarý belirlendi. On beþ diþin preparasyonu WO Primary eðe ile yapýlýp, WO Primary tek konlarla dolduruldu. Kalan 15 diþin preparasyonu için WOG Primary eðe, doldurulmasý içinse WOG Primary tek konlar kullanýldý. Kökler apekse 3, 5, 8 mm mesafelerden kesildi ve büyütme altýnda fotoðraflandý. GP ile doldurulmuþ alanlarýn yüzdesi, Imaje J programýnda hesaplandý. Ýstatistiksel analizler için baðýmsýz t testi ve Mann-Whitney U testleri kullanýldý.
BULGULAR: Ýki grup arasýnda, 8 mm seviyesinde anlamlý fark bulundu (p<0.05). WOG grubunda GP ile dolu alanlarýn yüzdesinin anlamlý düzeyde yüksek olduðu belirlendi. Grup içi karþýlaþtýrmalar, her iki grupta da üç seviyedeki guta perka yüzdeleri arasýnda önemli istatistiksel fark bulunamadýðýný gösterdi (p>0.05).
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Bu çalýþma koþullarýnda WOG kökün koronal üçlü seviyesinde WO'a göre daha iyi týkama saðlamýþtýr.

INTRODUCTION: The fitness of single cone gutta-percha to canal preparation is of great importance in obturation quality of root canal filling. The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of gutta-percha-filled areas in canals prepared by WaveOne (WO) and WaveOne Gold (WOG) instruments and obturated with their matching single cones.
METHODS: Thirty extracted single-rooted human teeth were used. The crowns were removed using diamond burs and working lengths were established. Fifteen roots were prepared using WO Primary and obturated with WO Primary single cones. The remaining 15 roots were prepared using WOG Primary instrument and obturated with WOG Primary single cones. The roots were sectioned at 3, 5 and 8 mm from the apex and photographed under magnification. The percentages of gutta-percha-filled areas were calculated using Image J software. Independent t test and Mann Whitney U tests were used for statistical analysis.
RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between two groups at 8 mm levels (p<0.05). The percentage of gutta-percha filled areas in WOG group was significantly higher. In-group comparisons showed no significant differences in terms of gutta- percha percentages among three levels, in both groups.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Under the conditions of this study, WOG exhibited a better obturation at coronal third level in comparison to WO.

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmada bifid mandibular kondil (BMC) prevalansýnýn konik ýþýnlý bilgisayarlý tomografi (CBCT) kullanýlarak araþtýrýlmasý amaçlanmýþtýr.


YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Bu çalýþmaya 350 adet tedavi edilmemiþ hastanýn (Yaþlarý 18 ile 65 arasýnda deðiþen 178 erkek, 172 kadýn) CBCT görüntüleri dahil edildi. BMC' nin varlýðý veya yokluðu, cinsiyet ve bulunduðu taraf göz önünde bulundurularak aksiyel, sagittal ve koronal pdüzlemlerde deðerlendirildi.
BULGULAR: BMC' ler 350 hastanýn 9'unda (% 2.57) görüldü; bunlarýn 3'ü erkelerde ve 6'sý kadýnlarda idi. Cinsiyete bakýlmaksýzýn, sað tarafýn daha fazla etkilendiði (% 1.42) tespit edildi. Kadýn hastalarda erkeklere göre (% 0.85) daha yüksek prevalans (% 1.71) görüldü.

TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: BMC, çalýþýlan Türk popülasyonunun% 2.57' sinde görülmüþ olup kadýnlarda ve sað tarafta daha sýk saptanmýþtýr.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of bifid mandibular condyle (BMC), by using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).


METHODS: The CBCT images of 350 untreated patients (178 male, 172 female ranging in age between 18 and 65) were included in this study. The presence or absence of BMC was assessed in axial, sagittal, and coronal planes by considering gender and side.
RESULTS: BMCs were observed in 9 out of 350 patients (2.57%), of which, 3 were in males and 6 in females. Regardless of gender, the right side was more affected (1.42%). Female patients showed higher prevalence (1.71%) than the male patients (0.85%).


DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: BMC was observed in 2.57% of studied Turkish population and was detected more frequently in females and on the right side.

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Diþ eti saðlýðýný birçok faktör etkilemektedir. Oral hijyeninin yetersiz olmasý periodontal hastalýklarýn oluþmasýnýn primer etkenidir. Periodontal hastalýklarýn sistemik durum üzerine etkileri son yýllarda yapýlan çalýþmalarla ortaya konulmuþtur. Preterm ve düþük aðýrlýklý doðum aðýrlýðý, geliþmiþ ve geliþmekte olan ülkeler için önemli bir sorundur. Literatürde, periodontal hastalýk ile erken doðum ve düþük doðum aðýrlýðýnýn iliþkili olduðu gösterilmiþtir. Bu çalýþmanýn amacý, Doðu Karadeniz Bölgesindeki gebe kadýnlarda periodontal saðlýk bilgisi ve farkýndalýk derecesini deðerlendirmektir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Çalýþmaya Temmuz 2018 ile Aralýk 2018 tarihleri arasýnda Trabzon ve Giresun illerindeki iki ayrý merkezde kadýn doðum polikliniðine baþvuran ve araþtýrmaya katýlmayý kabul eden gönüllü gebeler dahil edilmiþtir. Veriler, hastalarýn bizzat kendilerince doldurduklarý, araþtýrmacýlar tarafýndan yapýlandýrýlmýþ kesitsel anketler kullanýlarak toplanmýþtýr. Anket maddelerinde gebelik bilgileri, periodontal saðlýk bilinci, kiþisel ve sosyo-demografik deðiþkenler ele alýnmýþtýr.
BULGULAR: Çalýþmamýzda yaþ ortalamasý 30.1 ± 5.3 olan 397 gebenin % 30.7’ si üniversite, % 35’ nin ise lise mezunu olduðu belirlendi. Gebelerin azýnlýðýnýn (%16.8) dental plak hakkýnda bilgi sahibi olduðu, %32.6 ’sýnýn dental plaðýn zararlý etkilerini bildiði ortaya çýktý. Bununla beraber gebelerin %51.4’ünün diþ etindeki kanamanýn periodontal hastalýðý gösterdiðini ifade etmiþtir. Çalýþmamýz, gebelerin çoðunluðunun (%80.1) diþ eti hastalýðýnýn ana nedenini bilmemesine ve sadece %15.1’ inin periodontal hastalýðýn erken doðuma yol açabileceðini bilmesine raðmen, % 56’ sýnýn gebelikte diþ fýrçalama sýklýðýnýn arttýrýlmasý gerektiðine inandýðýný göstermektedir.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Çalýþmanýn sonucunda elde edilen veriler, gebe kadýnlarda diþ ve diþ eti saðlýðý konusunda bilgi ve farkýndalýk düzeyinin zayýf olduðunu ortaya koymuþtur. Periodontal hastalýðý ve buna baðlý geliþebilecek erken doðum gibi obstetrik komplikasyonlarý önlemek için antenatal dönemde gebelere aðýz saðlýðýný iyileþtirecek eðitim programlarý planlanmalý, bilgi düzeyi arttýrýlmalýdýr.

INTRODUCTION: There are many factors that effect gingival health. The primary factor that leads to the development of periodontal disease is poor oral hygiene. The influences of periodontal diseases on systemic health have been reported through research conducted in recent years. Preterm and low birth weight is a significant problem in developed and developing countries. In literature, it has been shown that periodontal health is associated with preterm birth and low birth weight. The aim of this study is to evaluate the knowledge of pregnant women from Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey regarding their periodontal health and awareness on the issue.
METHODS: Research includes pregnant women who volunteered to take part in the study, after having consulted the clinic of obstetrics and gynecology of two distinct centers in Trabzon and Giresun between the dates July 2018 and December 2018. Data was collected from surveys structured by researchers, filled in by the patients themselves. In the survey data regarding the pregnancy information of the volunteers, periodontal health awareness, personal and socio-economic variables were also examined.
RESULTS: In the study, of the 397 pregnant women with a mean age of 30.1 ± 5.3; %30.7 were college graduates and %35 were high school graduates. It was realized that a minority of the pregnant women (%16.8) had knowledge about the dental plaque and %32.6 knew the harmful effects of the dental plaque. In addition, %51.4 of pregnant women have stated that bleeding of the gums represented periodontal disease.
Our study shows that even though a majority of pregnant women (%80.1) do not know the main reason of periodontal disease and only %15.1 know periodontal disease may lead to pre term birth; %56 believe that tooth brushing frequency should be increased during pregnancy.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The data obtained through this study revealed that pregnant women have insufficient knowledge and low awareness level regarding their dental and periodontal health. In order to prevent periodontal disease and obstetric complications, which may result from periodontal disease such as preterm birth, during antenatal period, pregnant women, should be provided with the needed knowledge on these subjects through educational programs. Such programs should be planned and knowledge should be increased.

GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Çalýþmamýzda Edirne’nin 3 ilçesinde içme sularýndaki fluor seviyeleri belirlenerek bölgede yaþayan çocuklarda dental fluorozis ve diþ çürüðü görülme sýklýðý deðerlendirilmiþtir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Edirne ilinde, Kuzey Havsa, Süloðlu ve Lalapaþa ilçe merkezleri ve köylerinden içme suyu örnekleri toplanmýþtýr. Ýçme sularýndaki fluor miktarlarý iyon spesifik F elektrodu (Orion 960900 Fluoride Combination Electrode, Thermo Scientific) kullanýlarak ölçülmüþtür. Bu bölgedeki çocuklarda diþ çürükleri DMFT/dft indeksi kullanýlarak dental fluorozis ise Thylstrup-Fejerskov (TF) indeksi kullanýlarak incelenmiþtir. Bölge, içme sularýndaki fluor oranlarýna göre grup 1: <0,5 ppm (F1), grup 2: 0,5-1,2 ppm (F2) ve grup 3: 2,39 ppm (F3) þeklinde gruplandýrýlmýþtýr. Toplanan tüm veriler SPSS 21v istatistik programý kullanýlarak deðerlendirilmiþtir.
BULGULAR: Araþtýrmaya toplam 237 çocuk (129 erkek 108 kýz; yaþ ortalamasý 9,85±1,68) dahil edilmiþtir. F1 grubunda 143 (%60,3); F2 grubunda 60 (%25,3); F3 grubunda 34 (%14,4) çocuk bulunmaktadýr. Ýçme suyundaki fluor miktarý ile dental fluorozis iliþkisine bakýldýðýnda F1, F2, F3 gruplarýnýn TF ortalamalarý 0,26±0,62; 0,75±1,34; 3,59±2,55 olarak tespit edilmiþ olup F1, F2, F3 gruplarý arasýnda istatistiksel olarak anlamlý fark bulunmuþtur (p=0,000). Ýçme suyundaki fluor ile diþ çürüðü iliþkisine bakýldýðýnda F1, F2, F3 gruplarýnda DMFT/dft ortalamalarý 5,47±3,51; 2,17±3,21; 2,97±2,61 olarak bulunmuþ olup gruplar arasýnda istatistiksel olarak anlamlý fark izlenmiþtir (p=0,000).
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Ýçme suyundaki fluor seviyesini artmasý ile çocuklarda dental fluorozis þiddetinin arttýðý gözlenmiþtir. Çürük prevalansýnýn yüksek bulunduðu bölgelerde sistemik fluorun çürükten korunmada bir miktar etkili olduðu ancak özellikle süt dentisyonda beklenen etkisinin olmadýðý görülmüþtür. Çalýþmamýz bir kez daha sistemik fluorun çürükten korunmada tek baþýna yetersiz olabileceðini göstermiþtir.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate fluoride levels in drinking water in 3 districts of Edirne and evaluate the prevalence of dental caries and dental fluorosis in children.
METHODS: Drinking water samples were collected from villages of north Havsa, Süloðlu and Lalapaþa districts in Edirne province. Fluorine levels in drinking water were measured using ion-specific F electrode (Orion 960900 Fluoride Combination Electrode, Thermo Scientific). Children in this region were screened for dental caries by using DMFT/dft index and dental fluorosis was evaluated by Thylstrup-Fejerskov (TF) Index. According to the fluoride levels in drinking water the region was divided into, group 1: <0.5ppm (F1), group 2: 0.5-1.2ppm (F2) and group 3 = 2.39 ppm (F3). All collected data were evaluated by using SPSS 21v statistics program.
RESULTS: A total of 237 children 129 male, 108 female, mean age 9.85 ±1.68) were included in the study. There were 143 (60.3%) children in the F1 group, 60 (25.3%) in F2 and 34 (14.4%) in F3 group. The mean TF scores in F1, F2, F3 groups were 0.26±0.62; 0.75±1.34; 3.59±2.55 respectively and the difference between groups was statistically significant (p = 0.000). DMFT / dft scores in F1, F2, F3 groups were 5.47±3.51; 2.17±3.21; 2.97±2.61 and the difference between groups was statistically significant (p = 0.000).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was observed that increase in fluoride levels in drinking water increased the severity of dental fluorosis in children. Systemic use of fluoride was found to have little effect on preventing dental caries in areas with high caries risk. However, it didn’t have the expected caries prevention effect on primary dentition. It may be concluded that systemic use fluoride without proper oral health measures may be insufficient to protecting against caries.

Hastalarýn her geçen gün daha estetik ve hýzlý tedavi beklentileri arttýkça, dijital diþ hekimliðindeki geliþmeler de hýzlanmýþtýr. Yeni restoratif meteryaller ile tek seansta üretimi mümkün kýlan bilgisayar destekli tasarým ve üretim (CAD/CAM) teknolojisi, bu beklentileri karþýlar hale gelmiþtir. Dental porselenlerin temelini oluþturan feldspatik porselen ve lösitle güçlendirilmiþ cam seramiklerin düþük bükülme dayanýmý gibi dezavantajlarýný elimine etmek amacýyla, seramik yapýya güçlendirici maddeler eklenmiþtir. Bu durum tabaklama gerektirmeyen monolitik materyalleri geliþtirmiþtir. Böylece kor materyali gereksinimi ortadan kalkmýþtýr ve dolayýsý ile porselen-kor baðlantýsýndaki sorunlar elimine edilmiþtir. Sonuçta yapýsal bütünlüðü daha güçlü, CAD/CAM üretimine uygun hazýr disk ve bloklar kullanýma sunulmuþtur. Bu disk ve bloklar yapýya; lityum disilikat, zirkonyum oksit, aluminyum oksit, lösit ve rezin kompozit gibi maddeler eklenerek çeþitli üretim teknikleriyle üretilmektedirler. Bu materyallerin hangi klinik durumlarda tercih edileceði ise; materyalin mekanik, optik ve biyouyumluluk özelliðine göre belirlenmektedir. Bu derlemede ise son zamanlarda popüler hale gelen yüksek dayanýmlý cam seramiklerin güncel literatür desteði ile materyal özellikleri incelenmiþtir.

Day by day, developments in digital dentistry are accelerated with the increase of patient’s improved faster and aesthetic treatment expectations. Computer aided design and manufacturing (CAD / CAM) technology makes it possible to manufacture restorations in a single appointment with new restorative materials that meets these expectations of the patients. In order to eliminate the disadvantages of feldspatic porcelain and leucite-reinforced glass ceramics, which is the basis of dental porcelain with low flexural strength, has been added to the ceramic structure for reinforcement of the materials. This has improved monolithic materials that do not require veneering. Thus, the core material has not been needed, and therefore problems with porcelain-core connection have been eliminated. Consequently, prefabricated discs and blocks with more stronger structural integrity are available for CAD/CAM. These discs and blocks are made with various production techniques by adding materials such as lithium disilicate, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, leucite and resin composite. The clinical situation in which these materials are to be used is determined by the mechanical, optical and biocompatibility of the material. In this review, recent literature support and material properties of high strength glass ceramics, which became popular recently, were examined.

Endodontik tedavi; çürük, kýrýk veya periodontal hastalýktan belirgin olarak etkilenen diþlerde, kök çevresi saðlýðýnýn sürdürülmesi için kök kanalýndan canlý bakteri ve toksinlerin uzaklaþtýrýlmasý amacýyla uygulanmaktadýr. Endodontik tedavili diþin uzun dönem baþarýsý sadece kök kanal tedavisine deðil, ayný zamanda post-endodontik restorasyonun kalitesine baðlýdýr. Geçmiþte, yapýsal olarak zayýflamýþ endodontik tedavili diþin post-endodontik restorasyonu çok sert materyallerle gerçekleþtirilmekteydi. Son günlerde, dentini yakýn bir þekilde taklit eden materyaller tercih edilmektedir. Bu diþlerin restorasyonu, restoratif materyalin tutuculuk ve direnci, kalan diþ dokusunun okluzal kuvvetlere direnci, uygun koronal ve kök içi týkama ve ayný zamanda estetik gibi gereksinimleri saðlayabilmelidir. Bu derlemede, aþýrý harabiyete uðrayan endoodontik tedavili diþlerin protetik restorasyonlarý ve bu alandaki güncel geliþmeler irdelenmiþtir.

Endodontic therapy is performed on teeth significantly affected by caries, fracture or periodontal disease, for eliminating viable bacteria and toxins from the root canal to sustain periradicular health. The long-term success of endodontically treated teeth depends not only on root canal therapy itself as well as the quality of the post-endodontic restoration. In the past, the post-endodontic restoration of endodontically treated teeth that is structurally weakened was performed with very rigid materials. Nowadays, the materials that simulate dentin closely are mostly preferred. Restoration of these teeth needs to fulfill the necessities such as retention and resistance of the restorative material, the resistance of the remaining dental tissue to occlusal forces, proper coronal and intraradicular obturation and also aesthetic. In this review, prosthetic restorations of severely damaged endodontically-treated teeth and the current innovations in this field have been clarified.

Topikal, sistemik, inhalasyonel, rektal ve intraartiküler ajanlar olarak kullanýlabilen glikokortikoidler genellikle enflamatuvar, alerjik, otoimmün ve neoplastik hastalýklarýn tedavisinde tercih edilirler. Özellikle bu ajanlardan topikal formda olanlar oral mukozal hastalýklarla iliþkili aðýz lezyonlarýnýn tedavisinde kullanýlmaktadýrlar. Bu nedenle oral mukozal hastalýklarda etkili bir tedavi saðlamak ve ayný zamanda hastalarý potansiyel yan etkilerden korumak için diþ hekimleri topikal steroidlerin (TS) endikasyonlarýný, yan etkilerini ve klinik uygulama þekillerini bilmelidirler. Doðru þekilde kullanýldýðýnda birçok oral mukozal hastalýkta tatmin edici klinik sonuçlar saðlayan TS’nin, hatalý uygulamalar sonucunda iyatrojenik Cushing sendromu, adrenal yetmezlik gibi ciddi komplikasyonlara neden olabileceðine dair birçok çalýþma bulunmaktadýr. Literatürde, TS’nin hangi dozdan ve uygulama sýklýðýndan sonra sistemik kan dolaþýmýna katýldýðýna iliþkin bir görüþ birliðine varýlamamýþtýr. Sunulan bu derlemede, son yýllarda diþ hekimleri tarafýndan sýklýkla reçete edilmeye baþlayan TS’nin endikasyon ve kontrendikasyonlarý ile avantaj ve dezavantajlarýnýn yaný sýra, güncel literatür bilgileri ýþýðýnda doðru kullaným önerilerinin paylaþýlmasý amaçlanmýþtýr.

Glucocorticoids, which are used as topical, systemic, inhalational, rectal and intraarticular agents, are often preferred for treatment of inflammatory, allergic, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. Especially, topical forms of these agents are used to treat oral lesions associated with oral mucosal diseases. Therefore, dentists must know indications, side effects and application forms of topical steroids (TS) in order to treat oral mucosal diseases effectively, and to protect the patients from potential side effects. There are many studies, suggesting that when TS are used properly, they provide satisfactory clinical results in many oral mucosal diseases; whereas it may lead to serious complications, such as iatrogenic Cushing syndrome and adrenal insufficiency, as a result of inaccurate applications. In the literature, there is no consensus about the posology of TS, which results in the absorption of the TS into systemic circulation. The aims of this review are to offer indications, contraindications, advantages, and disadvantages of TS, which have been frequently prescribed by dentists in recent years, as well as to share suggestions for proper usage of these drugs in accordance with the current information in the literature.

KIBT, son zamanlarda endodontide medikal BT ile karþýlaþtýrýldýðýnda ortaya çýkan avantajlarý ile sýkça kullanýlmaktadýr. Bu güncel derlemenin amacý KIBT’nin özelliklerini, endodontide teþhis ve tedavide kullaným amaçlarýný ortaya koymaktýr. Endodontik açýdan KIBT birçok faydalý bilgi saðlasa da olasý riskleri hesaplanarak sadece direkt fayda saðlayacak endikasyonlarda kullanýlmalýdýr. Endodontik endikasyonlarla ilgili kriterler araþtýrmalar ýþýðýnda sürekli yenilenmelidir.

Recently, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is commonly used in endodontics due its advantages over medical CT. This updated review aims to explain fundamentals of CBCT and show its indications in diagnosis and treatment in endodontics. Although, CBCT may provide useful information in several endodontic cases it must be only used in correct indications where its usage provides direct benefits over its risks. Referral criteria for endodontics should be updated routinely in light of newer investigations.

Apikal rezeksiyon sonrasý oluþturulan kemik kavitelerinin iyileþmeleri sýrasýnda her zaman istenilen sonuçlar elde edilememektedir. Bu nedenle apikal rezeksiyon kavitelerinde rejeneratif tedaviler uygulanmaya baþlanmýþtýr. Trombositten zengin fibrin (TZF) bireyin kanýnýn santrifüj edilerek trombosit ve büyüme faktörlerinden zengin bir membran elde etmeyi saðlayan ikinci nesil trombosit ürünüdür. Bu vaka serisinde apikal rezeksiyon iþlemi sonrasý operasyon bölgesine yerleþtirilen TZF’nin klinik ve radyografik olarak sonuçlarý sunulmuþtur.
Endodonti kliniðinden apikal rezeksiyon endikasyonu ile sevk edilen 3 hastaya cerrahi iþlem sýrasýnda periapikaldeki tüm nekrotik ve iltihaplý dokunun küretajý yapýlmýþ ve. defekt bölgesine hastalardan alýnan venöz kanýn santrifüj edilmesiyle hazýrlanan TZF uygulanarak yara yeri süture edilmiþtir.
Hastalarýn periyodik kontrollerindeki klinik ve radyografik sonuçlarýna göre; TZF’nin kemik kavitesi boþluðunun rejenerasyonunda etkili olduðu ve konvansiyonel cerrahi tedaviye alternatif bir rejeneratif tedavi þekli olabileceði kanýsýndayýz.

During the healing of bone cavities formed after apical resection, the desired results are not always obtained. For this reason, regenerative treatments have begun to be applied in apical resection cavities. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a second generation platelet product which is used to obtain a membrane that is rich in platelets and growth factors, and it is derived from the blood of an individual to be centrifuged. In this case series, clinical and radiographic results of placement of PRF into the operation area after apical resection were presented.
All the necrotic and inflamed tissue were curettad in the periapical region during the surgical procedure of three patients referred to the endodontic clinic with indication of apical resection. Wound site was sutured by applying PRF to the defect area which is prepared by centrifugation of the venous blood taken from the patients.
According to the clinical and radiographic results of the patients at periodic controls; it seems that PRF can be very effective in the regeneration of bone gap space and may be an alternative to conventional surgical treatment.

All-on-4 tedavi konsepti, anterior bölgeye iki adet dik ve posterior bölgeye iki adet eðimli yerleþtirilen, toplam dört implant destekli, tek parça, tüm ark protez uygulamasýný içeren, tam diþsiz çenelerin sabit protetik rehebilitasyonu için uygulanan bir tedavi metodudur. Yapýlan çalýþmalarda, posterior bölgeye eðimli yerleþtirilen implantlarýn ileri cerrahi iþlemlere gerek kalmadan anatomik sýnýrlamalara takýlmadan uygulanabildiði, biyomekanik kuvvetleri daha iyi karþýladýðý, protetik kantilever uzantýlarýn boyutunu azalmasýný saðladýðý ve ayrýca baþarýsýzlýk oranlarýnda dik yerleþtirilen implantlarla karþýlaþtýrýldýðýnda anlamlý bir fark bulunmadýðý bildirilmektedir.

Diþlerin kaybýnýn ardýndan çenelerde kemik rezorpsiyonunun posterior sahalarda daha þiddetli görüldüðü yapýlan birçok çalýþmada gösterilmiþtir. All-on-4 tedavi protokolü de genellikle üst çenede posterior bölgede maksiller sinüs, mandibulada ise inferior alveolar sinir kaynaklý anatomik sýnýrlamalar nedeniyle tercih edilmektedir. Böylelikle posterior bölgede kemik augmentasyonu gibi ileri cerrahi iþlemlerden kaçýnýlmaktadýr. Ancak uzun yýllar süren diþsizlikle birlikte posterior bölgedeki rezorpsiyona, anterior bölgede ilk etapta horizontal bölgedeki rezorpsiyonda eþlik etmeye baþlar. Bu durumda karþýsýnda mevcut vertikal kret yüksekliðini korumak ve bölgeye implant destekli bir tedavi yapabilmek için kemik hacmini arttýrmaya yönelik iþlemler kaçýnýlmaz olmaktadýr.

Bu olgu sunumunda, üst çenesi total diþsiz, alt çenede ise yalnýzca kanin diþleri bulunan ve öðürme refleksi nedeniyle üst total protezini takmakta zorlanan 68 yaþýndaki bayan hastada, öncelikle maksilla anterior bölgenin, mandibula simfiz bölgesinden elde edilen blok kemiklerle greftlenmesi ve sonraki süreçte her iki çenenin All-on-4 konsepti ile rehabilitasyonu ve vakanýn 2 yýllýk takibi rapor edilmektedir

All-on-4 concept is a treatment method for fixed prosthetic rehabilitation of edentulous jaws with a total of four dental implant, two anterior vertically placed and two posterior inclined implants, supported full arch hybrid prosthetic restorations. It has been reported that inclined implants placed to the posterior region can provide better biomechanical strength, reduced size of prosthetic cantilever extensions, without anatomic limitations and no need for further surgical procedures.

Many studies have shown that after the loss of teeth, bone resorption in the jaws is seen more intensely in the posterior regions. All-on-4 treatment concept is usually preferred because of the anatomical limitations of the maxillary sinuses in the posterior maxilla and inferior alveolar nerve in the mandible. Thus, advanced surgical procedures such as bone augmentation in the posterior region are avoided. However, over time resorption in the posterior regions begins to accompany with horizontal resorption of the anterior region. In this case, surgical procedures to increase the bone volume are inevitable to maintain the existing vertical crest height and to be able to provide an implant-supported treatment to the region.

In this case report, a 68-year-old female patient, who has edentulous maxilla and only canine teeth in mandibula, was treated by grafting anterior maxilla with autogenous bone block grafts obtained from mandibular symphysis, and then the rehabilitation of both jaws prosthetically according to the All-on-4 concept was done. There was no complication in follow-up of the patient for 2 years and there was no bone loss in the periimplant bone except physiologically accepted levels. Thanks to this application, the aesthetic and functional expectations of the patient are met.

Sialolitiazis, tükürük bezlerinin parankim ya da kanallarýnda sialolit varlýðý ile karakterize bir hastalýktýr. Tükürük bezlerinin en yaygýn hastalýðý olan sialolitiazis en çok submandibular bezde görülmektedir. Patogenezi tam olarak bilinmemekle birlikte herhangi bir tükürük bezinde ve her yaþta oluþabilmektedir.
Rutin dental muayene için kliniðimize baþvuran 21 yaþýndaki erkek hastadan alýnan panoramik radyografide sol alt çene kanin-premolar bölgede gömülü diþe benzeyen radyoopak oluþum izlendi. Alýnan okluzal radyografide ise, bu oluþumun lingualde yerleþimli ve homojen yapýlý olduðu tespit edildi. Taný, Wharton kanalýnda sialolit olarak yapýldý ve hasta cerrahi kliniðine yönlendirildi. Sialolitin tedavisi için lokal anestezi altýnda intraoral cerrahi eksizyon planlandý. Aðýz tabanýndan, kanal içerisindeki yaklaþýk 26 mm boyutlarýnda dev sialolit çýkartýldý ve sadece mukozal tabaka kapatýlarak cerrahi iþlem tamamlandý. Hastanýn cerrahi operasyondan 6 ay sonraki kontrolünde tükürük akýþýnýn normal olduðu gözlendi ve herhangi bir komplikasyon saptanmadý.
Aðýz tabanýnda kitle etkisi yaparak palpe edilebilen sialolitlerin; submandibuler bezin tamamý alýnmaksýzýn, intraoral yaklaþýmla çýkarýlmasý ve marsupializasyonu iyi bir tedavi seçeneðidir.

Sialolithiasis is a disease characterized by the presence of sialolith in the parenchyma or ducts of the salivary glands. Sialolithiasis, the most common disease of salivary glands. It is most commonly seen in the submandibular gland. Pathogenesis is not exactly known, but it can occur in any salivary gland and at any age.
A 21-year-old male patient was applied to our clinic for routine dental examination. Panoramic radiography revealed a radiopaque mass superimposed on the left mandibular canine-premolar region. On the occlusal radiograph, it was determined that this formation was in the lingual region and homogeneous. The diagnosis was made as sialolith of the Wharton duct and the patient was directed to the surgical clinic. Intraoral surgical excision under local anesthesia was planned for sialolith treatment. An elongated giant sialolith of 26 mm length was removed from the floor of the mouth and surgical procedure was completed. At 6 months after surgery, no complication was observed.
When the stone can be palpated intraorally, it is best treatment method to remove it through an intraoral approach.